REVISION ON 4 - 7 LECTURES

Uses film as an image receptor; film is placed in the patient's mouth and reacts to X-rays. Requires chemical processing.

Uses sensors that instantly convert X-ray information to digital data, displayed directly on a computer; very fast.

A type of digital image receptor that converts X-rays to an electrical charge, stored in plastic housing.

Indirect digital sensor that captures a latent image; needs a special reader to turn this image into a digital file.

A specific type of Phosphor Plate Receptor Imaging system, incorporating a small circular magnet for plate placement.

Instantaneous display of images; quick and efficient.

Device used to capture the image created by X-rays. Examples include film packets and digital sensors.

The ability of a digital imaging system to distinguish fine details. Measured in pixel size or line pairs per millimeter (lp/mm). Smaller pixels or higher lp/mm values correspond to better resolution.

The physical dimension of a single pixel in a digital image. Smaller pixel sizes result in higher spatial resolution.

A measure of spatial resolution in imaging. It indicates the number of pairs of lines that can be resolved in one millimeter. Higher values mean better resolution.

Phosphor plates have a spatial resolution of 7 lp/mm.

Solid state receptors have a spatial resolution of 25 lp/mm. This is better than phosphor plates.

The range of grayscale values in a digital image. More shades of gray means better contrast.

The manipulation of digital images after acquisition to adjust brightness, contrast, and other characteristics.

The range of exposures that result in properly exposed images. Digital imaging allows for more variation in exposure.

Lower radiation dose, fast image acquisition, easy post-processing, digital storage, and easy sharing are advantages of digital imaging.

Higher initial equipment costs, though long-term costs might be lower due to no processing materials being needed.

Energy deposited per unit mass of tissue by ionizing radiation, measured in Gray (Gy).

Absorbed dose multiplied by radiation weighting factor ($W_r$) considering the type of radiation's potential to cause damage.

Sum of equivalent doses for all tissues weighted by the tissue's radiosensitivity (tissue weighting factor).

A factor reflecting the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of different types of ionizing radiation.

A number representing the relative risk of cancer induction in a specific tissue.

Radiation exposure from natural sources such as radon gas, cosmic rays, and naturally occurring radioactive elements.

Measure of the susceptibility of a tissue or organ to radiation damage.

The estimated risk of carcinogenesis, from dental radiographs, for men (1/15000 mSv) and women (1/18000mSv).

Radiation that has sufficient energy to ionize atoms and molecules

Establishing radiation protection, determining who can refer, treat, or operate, ensuring proper training, appointing an MPE, setting referral criteria, optimizing patient doses, and using diagnostic reference levels (DRLs).

Providing sufficient clinical info to justify radiation exposure.

Justifying the need for the radiation exposure.

Handling the practical aspects of exposure: patient ID, positioning, exposure parameters, pressing the button, film processing, and reporting.

Registered clinical scientist advising on optimal patient dose.

Reference doses for common X-ray exams; typical dose levels for standard patients.

As Low As Reasonably Achievable — the principle to minimize patient radiation dose.

Produces less than 2 µSv radiation, equivalent to a fraction of a day's background radiation.

20 µSv radiation dose; roughly equivalent to 2-3 days of normal background radiation.

Produces less than 6 µSv radiation, equal to approximately one day of natural background radiation.

CBCT radiation varies depending on the area scanned: both jaw scan equals 84 µSv and is equivalent to about 4 panoramic exposures; a section of the jaw receives 39 µSv, roughly 2 panoramics.

Requires that any use of ionizing radiation be justified if the benefits to the patient outweigh the risks.

Strive to use the lowest possible radiation dose while still achieving diagnostic quality.

Limits the radiation exposure of workers and members of the public but not patients exposed to diagnostic radiation.

Reference dose levels for standard X-ray examinations on average-sized patients.

Even low doses of ionizing radiation can increase a person's lifetime risk of cancer.

Numerous dental X-rays may lead to low individual risk, but the cumulative population dose may be considerable.

International Commission on Radiological Protection; an organization that sets guidelines for ionising radiation use.

A radiological practice is only appropriate if it produces a positive clinical benefit, outweighing any risks.

Keeping radiation exposure as low as reasonably achievable, considering social and economic factors.

Individual radiation exposure should not exceed limits set by the guidelines.

A principle in radiation safety requiring efforts to minimize radiation exposure.

Restricting the X-ray beam to the area of interest, reducing radiation to surrounding areas.

Exposing only one side of the jaw at a time.

Uses sensors converting X-ray information directly to a digital image.

Wear thyroid shields (only for upper occlusal) and lead aprons to shield patient and staff respectively.

Minimizes to patient's pelvic area.

Implement measures to reduce exposure with time, distance, and shielding.

An inaccurate representation of an object, due to improper positioning of the X-ray source, object, and receptor; causes foreshortening, elongation, or both

An image of an object appearing shorter than its actual size due to an excessively steep angle of the X-ray beam relative to the object

An image of an object appearing longer than its actual size due to the X-ray beam not being angled enough

X-ray beams that are in the same direction, important for accurate images, minimizing distortion

The distance between the X-ray source and the object being imaged.

The distance between the object and the image receptor.

Image that is accurate, precise, and undistorted.

The spreading out of X-ray beams as they travel

The degree to which an image accurately represents the object being imaged

An area where radiation exposure might exceed public dose limits. Access is restricted.

The person responsible for ensuring local radiation rules are followed within the dental office.

An appointed expert with certification to advise on radiation protection.

Regulations focusing on the safety of staff and the general public, related to radiation.

Regulations focused on patient safety during medical radiation procedures.

A device to measure individual radiation exposure.

Maximum permissible radiation exposure levels, important for safety.

Evaluation of potential radiation risks and required safety measures.

Written guidance on working conditions with radiation.

1.5 meters from the x-ray tube and patient to workers.

Direct radiation path from X-ray tube to patient.

Radiation that is deflected from the primary beam.

Person responsible for IRR17 regulatory implementation in dental practices.

Responsible for IRR17 implementation in hospitals or corporate bodies.

Care Quality Commission, an organization that enforces IRMER17.

Health and Safety Executive, an organization that enforces IRR17