Digital Image Fundamentals: Pixels, Resolution & Color

Digitalization of images

• Pixel serves as the fundamental unit of a digital image, composed of numerous small points, often referred to as pixels
• Resolution determines the quantity of pixels on a screen or within an image; a higher resolution signifies a greater number of pixels, resulting in enhanced detail
• Color depth indicates the number of bits utilized to represent the color of each individual pixel; a higher bit count translates to a wider range of possible colors

Basic concepts

• A pixel is the fundamental unit of digital images in devices like cameras and displays, derived from "picture element," representing a small portion of the image with specific color and light intensity
• Resolution specifies the total pixels in an image as width x height, where 1920x1080 means there are 1920 pixels in width and 1080 in height
• A higher resolution results in more detail in a given space, creating sharper images; lower resolutions lead to less sharp details as each pixel represents a larger area
• Color depth, also known as bit depth or bit density, determines the number of bits for representing a pixel's color; larger color depths allow for richer and more detailed images due to more representable colors
• For example, an 8-bit color depth can display 256 colors (2^8), while a 24-bit depth can display about 16.7 million colors (2^24 and commonly used in RGB images)
• Color depth implies a color palette instead of directly expressing available digital colors; palettes contain unique colors for use in image and graphic creation
• The most commonly used model is RGB, where numerical codes are assigned to specific colors via color depth combination

Image capturing principle

• Digital sensors capture light, converting it into electrical signals, a process used in cameras
• Light upon entering the sensor, which can be from various sources like sunlight, lamps, etc
• Microlenses focus the incoming light onto photodetectors, increasing light capture and overall sensor efficiency
• RGB color filters placed under the microlenses follow the Bayer filter pattern, consisting of red (R), green (G), and blue (B) filters; each pixel on the sensor is sensitive to only one of these colors, capturing only a part of the light spectrum
• Photodiodes convert light into electrical charge below the color filters; current intensity depends on the intensity and color of filtered light
• Electrical charge from the photodiodes are amplified and converted into an electrical signal; the image processor analyses the signal from each pixel, combines them, then creates a complete image
• The image can then be displayed or stored as a photograph

Sensors

• Current image sensors are separated into CCD and CMOS.

CCD Sensors:

• CCD sensors transmit charge from one pixel to the next, like buckets passing water in a row, until the charge becomes an electric signal
• Higher image quality with details and less noise, especially in low lighting
• More expensive to manufacture and have a higher energy usage
• One of the first sensors to be widely used in digital cameras

CMOS Sensors:

• CMOS sensors have direct circuit elements to each pixel, which allows faster signal procession and less energy usage
• More modern CMOS sensors match the comparison of CCD and better for videos and photography
• Are cheaper to manufacture and more energy efficient
• One of the more standard sensors for digital and smartphone cameras
• The main difference of the sensor is how each type transcribes and delivers data. CCD sensors do it by sequence, while CMOS does it simultaneously; this helps for a faster process and lower energy use.

Standard resolutions – examples

• These are the more standarized resolutions always dependent side ratio mostly classic radio 4:3 or wide sides 16:9 and others below.
• 640x480 - Also known as VGA, classic resolutions used in the early computers and first monitors
• 800x600 - Known as SVGA, popular monitor resolution in the mid 90’s
• 1024x768 - XGA, commonly used in computers, monitors and projectors
• 1280x1024 - SXGA, expanded resolutions, which was more famous from earlier days before coming wide screen monitors
• 1366x768 - Commonly known as HD, classic standard resolutions for many economic, laptops and televisions
• 1600x900 - HD+, higher rates of use for the modern notebooks
• 1920x1080 - Also known as Full HD or 1080p, it is currently more standard for HDTV and a lot of smartphones
• 2560x1440 - Popular amongst gaming monitors, as QHD or WQHD also for high end smartphones
• 3840x2160 - More famously known as 4K, UHD or 2160p; It's x4 the regular full HD resolutions and is fast growing fast on standardized televisions and monitors
• 7680x4320 - Know as 8K, it's 16x the full HD Resolution and stands as one of the highest resolutions for consumer markets

Color depth – Examples

• These stands as values for the more basic configured color depth, that can be found in computer graphics and digital image formatting. 32-bit color-depth often covers alfa channels, which lets you make changes to the transparency of the pixels and is widely popular for graphic design and developing for games
• 1-Bit color depth (Bit map)
• Color Count: 2 (black and white)
• Bit count: 1 bit per pixel
• 4-Bit color depth (VGA)
• Color Count: 16 (Common VGA Pallet)
• Bit Count: 4 bits each pixel
• 8-Bit color depth (256 colors)
• Color Count: 256. Typically used in index Pallets
• Bit Count: 8 bits in each pixel
• 15-Bit Colour Depth (Highcolor)
• Color Count: 32,768 (5 bits on the reds, 5 on the greens, 5 for the blues)
• Bit Counts: 15 bits for pixels( Sometimes mentioned as 16-bits with one unused bit space)
• 16-bit Color depth (Highcolor)
• Color count: 65,536 (5 bits on the reds, 6 bits on the greens, 5 for the blues)
• Bit Counts: 16 bits in each pixel
• 24-bit color depth (Truecolor)
• Color count: 16,717,216 (8 bits on the reds, 8 bits on the greens, 8 for the blues) Bit Count: 24 bits in each pixel
• 32-bit Color depth (Truecolor with alfa channels)
• Color Count: 16,777,216 (8 bits on the reds, 8 bits on the greens, 8 for the blues, including 8 for alfa transparency)
• Bit Count: 32 bits in each pixel

RGB Model

• Basic color model used in electric systems
• Each color is a combination of three basic colors: Red, green, and blue
• Intensity is a measure of what each color is, which helps make a wide pallet of colors Colors creates by adding in sections of the light from each color, the process known as adding colors

CMYK Model

• Used for printing colored images and graphics.

• Each color in the CMYK model, is what combines the four key color pigments

• Colors creates by reducing sections of the light; When each pigment applies paper, the process is known as subtracting colored pigments Intensity in each color always changes, which could help change various shades of color, that would let help precise colored images

• Black (key) is adding in increasing depth and detailing for imaging themes for increasing darker tones

  • Tones is defined by azúrovú (cyan), purpurovú (magenta), žltú (yellow) and čiernu (key) with základnými farbami

Color creation in RGB

-In digital grapchic intensity in each key key is to express colored characters with numbers in between the ranges of 0 to 255. This numbers that comes from 8 bit colored depth, where 0 means no intensity or 255 means higher intensity

• • For examples; clear, bright, solid reds can come in values of 255. 0,0 - for a clearer intensity for red and no measure of intensity for the greens and blues -Creating new colors that is more unique, combines the levels of intensity If the three key, essential colors are combined high in the ratio values255, 255, 255, the creation of the colour will be in white tone. In other words, if it's zero intensity0, 0, 0the product will be coloured in black tones
• Examples:
• Yellows are typically creates in high intermsities with reds and green valued2t one levels255, 255 and 0 values
• Azurova. can come out with full intensitives colours with the green and the bright blues (0, 255, 255)
• P urpurova. [also known as fuchsia),, can create in intensity values of colours or with blues with the formula (255), (0, 255)
• Key basics for digital units from the image and pictures, are key sources for work in any digitial design and graphic works

Raster vs Vector Graphics

• Raster graphics are composed of pixelated dots arranged in a grid, defining specific colors and locations,
• Vector graphics use mathematical objects (points, lines, curves) with defined properties to create images Rastered graphics have fixed resolution which means as soon as the image stretches, it could damage in quality from zooming

Common file formats for raster vs vector graphics

• Common formats that applies to raster like JPEG, PNG BMP, is for vector graphics
• Typically suitable for complex photos, image coloring etc -Vectored images typically scales in size to where you can stretch a vector from point by point with no degrigation to quality
• Typically used with the common vectors scalable in vector graphics (SVG), vector graphics, AI, ESP
• The key difference comes in from high quality for graphic details, that gives to a strong detail
• Raster are generally used with the graphic design images and art

Usage in roster graphics

The wide selection of use cases on where and where what to use as a graphics, especially when to show complex shades from color and texture are the area of use cases

• Digital photos are more suitable from captured details, what better capture and shade colored art
• Graphic: Various other designs likes posters, leaflets, projects for designing
• Web Designs: Graphic uses the images, photos and backdrops that can be used for web pages. Often combines with vector arts for icons and logos
• Digital Art: Often, the image and graphic types are use from digital paints, where you can draw more detailed and shaded effects where you can paint on canvas
• Videogames: Graphics is the source of where arts, characters and models creates as a resource

Vectoring graphics

Vector graphics are a wide scale used in various area for different means, more so when quality is very important for any forms. Some prime examples include.

• Graphic designing use
• Branding and identity: Creates high value and different features and helps the change the size.
• Webdesign: Vectors are more faster to load and the quality maintains over larger zoomers

Digitalizing sound - Key Terms

• The following are the keys term to get to hear sounds

  • Analog signals for sound is made for waves, that can be connected in time to see the results of wave times

• Sound waves are waves that are very connected in time, and that has any results with the range of a frequency, on if it analog When sounds make changes, they can be processed from computers digitally

• Sampling rates (Sampling rate): A measures in how much sound signals comes in measured and recorded depending to how high the frequency rates Bit depth (bit depth/B): Measures the use to use the store for each sound, higher depth means higher sample

• Quantization: Measures to use the store for each sound, higher depth means a sample in its closed Pulse-code modulation or PCM): How sounds sampled signals of encode in binary formats.

• Sound encoding: Process of how small or high it could be the size of how sound plays

MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface): An industry-grade tech that lets music and instruments synchro to make one single source output Thes are key basics for where sounds come to life and that can enhance the sound for the use of music and sound

Sound frequency to a human spektrum

• First key graph to show the sinus from the waves.

• Frequency's and periods. Period measures and states frequency to repeat. It measures in HZ(Hertz). Period T is for speed and time.

• Other graphics displays audio to human ears, Human ears typically catches levels approximately 20hz to 20 kHz

• Charts indicates the noises that are captured in the ear and that depends per time Exisit three key categories: Audio range - More common audio grade Speedy/ Fast- Audio grade is the range for speech Sound: The sounds are loud if its being heard in the upper tone of the grade scale

• Key details with knowledge of an ear, sound waves and more The low side you have a slower frequency grade, if that can be captured There is another set on the other side. If you ever hear high level audio, like dogs and audio, is from ultrazvuk. High grade hz grades or high grade audio

• There is a saying sound has no waves. Sounds relies in a source or a median There is no way sounds goes with low oxygen's areas, cause you do not molecules for air particles

Wavelength and frequency musical sounds and grades

This display images per music grades and human voice with grade to a keyboard. The base image is to the keyboard grade which is HZ[Heightz] Keyboard can separate in oktavs from most lower to higher, but can be labeled from different colored

• Above the level of the keys are different type for music, sounds and voices which is a wide amount to measure or provide This range of the frequencies are base to know how different sounds and music grades can mix for arrangements and songs. They are to be acknowledged when digitizing sounds and where you can mix your audio in various type of mediums

Process for digitalizing sound

• Process for making from analog to digitial formation. Listed are top to bottom with the basic set

Analog sounds: Sources comes in grades or amps

• Sample: Sound waves captured in what the anolog sign grade. Kvantizacia : What after some volume or measures goes is a measure for the grade waves or sound - waves Lend the sounds for formation . If sounds comes and transfers over and recorded over Compressing : What gets caught in the volume is the quality of any file for it.

The images as sources, are to what is anolog what comes into digital form with where the samples grade at. These sources is required from digital forms, which what lets the file change, modify and send for other sound devices or computers

Process for digital audio - Continued..

• Process of the sounds that holds three key details. Sampling. Quantizing and encoding Sampling first the sounds that is being recorded and how its anology.

• The key details. Samples and charts that is used

• Quanitizating: Sounds now that it is sampled, is to grade the nearest quality from the source.

• Grade details, volume and where is located and where it falls as a set to the range or level Encording; Steps for grading sounds that can be transported from the binary or the files. Photos are shows from binary grades and source as images of waves when the sample sounds is shown These actions that are used help transform your sounds and recordings into digitials for computer, sound devices and system for it

How to replay/reproduce digitalised audio

1. Digital data: First starts with binaries that captures with the sound.

2. Code: PCM[post code modulation] is used where sound and bits from the recordings are connected to grades

3. Audio Filters: Filters, high frequencies in the system, and with its sound. A grade passes the grade point where it's grade level Analog volume or sound. Ends result is audio. Can get sounds or audio grade. Or better sound device grades From top or charts can display audio grades

• If high grade , volume can transform the various set levels by mixing various sounds for reproduction

Audio Recording. Graded audio:

Here there is a tablature chart form types of ways that could give sounds A graph of chart is measured different from top and down what audio grades, what channels use the These parameters of audio grades lets the measure the level in audio and the devices Telephone grade Grade quality Cd is most grade grade qualited wise Dvd grade

• Table here measures high grade and audio as the range for it DVD is the highest grade Telephones in a lot lower

Foramt grades for digital audio

List form where digital audio is in Grade form for audio Wav grade Grade source name Standards files uses for compressing sounds Offers great sounds and is supported MP3- encoding with the type listed Good medium or grade, with use to drop the file and make sound stay

ACC- code Codes are a source of providing a set by codes grades AlIFF grades AlIFF is use to the audio.

Explore the basics of digital images. Learn about pixels as the core building blocks, how resolution impacts image detail, and how color depth determines the range of colors in digital images and displays.