Digital Design and Computer Organization
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Questions and Answers

Which format uses the most significant bit (MSB) to indicate the sign of a number?

  • Sign and magnitude
  • 1's complement
  • 2's complement
  • All of the above (correct)

    • In the 2's complement representation, -5 can be obtained by directly complementing the bits of +5 and adding 1.

    True

    What is the representation of -5 in sign and magnitude format?

    1101

    The _______ cache is used to speed up the retrieval of instructions and data from the main memory.

    <p>cache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the number representation formats to their operational methods:

    <p>Sign and magnitude = Change MSB for negative 1's complement = Complement all bits 2's complement = Complement then add 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of adding two binary digits '1' and '1'?

    <p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The carry-out signal from the MSB is significant when performing addition in n-bit signed numbers using the 2's complement.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do to subtract two numbers using the 2's complement system?

    <p>Take the 2's complement of the second number and add it to the first.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Master-Ready (MR) signal indicate?

    <p>Master is ready for a transaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The slave-ready (SR) signal is sent to indicate that the input data are not available on the bus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a bridge in a computer system?

    <p>To translate signals and protocols between different buses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The three major standard I/O interfaces are PCI, SCSI, and ____.

    <p>USB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following interfaces with their descriptions:

    <p>PCI = Defines an expansion bus on the motherboard SCSI = High-speed parallel bus for disk and video devices USB = Used for connecting additional devices inside and outside the computer Bridge = Translates signals between different buses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what clock cycle does the master send a new address to start a transfer?

    <p>Cycle 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The delay between t1 and t0 must be less than the maximum possible bus skew.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the full handshake scheme in data transfer?

    <p>It provides a higher degree of flexibility and reliability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a computer primarily defined as?

    <p>A fast electronic calculating machine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High-level languages can be directly understood by a computer.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of low-level languages?

    <p>Machine Language and Assembly Language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A computer program consists of a list of internally stored instructions in the computer's ___ memory.

    <p>memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of languages with their characteristics:

    <p>Low-Level Language = Directly corresponds to specific machines Machine Language = First type of programming language developed High-Level Language = Easier for humans to read and write Assembly Language = Uses mnemonics instead of binary codes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does machine language consist of?

    <p>Strings of binary digits (0s and 1s)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Machine language requires a translator to convert it into a language the computer can understand.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using machine language in computing?

    <p>Fast and efficient use of the computer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the SIN status flag indicate when it is set to 1?

    <p>A character is available at the keyboard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the voltage on the IR line when a device requests an interrupt?

    <p>It drops to 0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The interrupt vector is an address that points to the interrupt service routine (ISR).

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pull-up resistor pulls the line voltage down to ground level when the switches are open.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two methods for controlling interrupt-requests?

    <p>At Device-end and At Processor-end</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the open-collector or open-drain gates in the INTR line?

    <p>To control the INTR line by switching it to ground.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The processor activates the ______ line to indicate it's ready to receive the interrupt-vector code.

    <p>INTA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sequence of events involved in handling an interrupt-request begins when the device raises an ________.

    <p>interrupt-request</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition-code indicates an interrupt-request for the display?

    <p>DIRQ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the mechanisms to prevent the infinite loop problem from successive interruptions?

    <p>Allow all interrupts during ISR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the interrupt-related terms with their meanings:

    <p>IRQ = Interrupt request from a device ISR = Interrupt service routine INTA = Initiate response for interrupt IE = Interrupt enable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Polling all devices connected to the bus is the most efficient way to service interrupts.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each interrupt handling mechanism to its description:

    <p>Ignore interrupts = Processor ignores requests during ISR Disable interrupts = Interrupts are disabled before ISR starts Edge-triggered line = Responds only to leading edge of signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must the processor do to recognize the device requesting an interrupt?

    <p>The processor needs to identify the interrupting device.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the IRQ bit?

    <p>To signal an interrupt request from a device.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When the device is informed that its request has been recognized, it ________ the interrupt-request signal.

    <p>deactivates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a hub in a USB system?

    <p>It broadcasts messages to all downstream devices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each device connected to a USB hub can have a unique 7-bit address assigned to it.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial address assigned to a device when connected to a hub?

    <p>0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A packet consists of one or more __________ of information.

    <p>bytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of USB packets with their functions:

    <p>Control packets = Acknowledge correct data reception Data packets = Carry information to a device Packet Identifier (PID) = Identifies the type of packet Reset signal = Used to reset a device connection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a step taken by the host when a new device is connected?

    <p>Delete the previous devices associated with the hub.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first field of any packet is called the Packet Identifier (PID).

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the information contained in packets during transmission?

    <p>It is transmitted twice, once with true values and once with bits complemented.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Digital Design and Computer Organization

    • Basic Structure of Computers: A computer is a fast electronic machine that takes digitized input, processes it according to stored instructions, and outputs the result. Computer memory stores the instructions, which are collectively called the computer program.

    Types of Languages

    • Low-Level Languages: These languages correspond directly to a specific machine. Machine language is the lowest level, using binary code (0s and 1s), which computers can directly understand. Assembly language is a slightly higher-level representation of machine code, using symbolic codes (mnemonics) to represent operations.

    • Machine Language: The fundamental language of a computer, represented by strings of binary digits (0s and 1s). This lowest level is directly interpreted by the hardware. It's commonly written in hexadecimal.

    • Advantages (Machine Language): Machine language directly runs on the computer with no intermediaries, making it very efficient.

    • Disadvantages (Machine Language): All operation codes and memory addresses must be memorized, making it difficult to modify or debug.

    • Assembly Language: A higher-level language directly corresponding to machine language. It uses mnemonics for instructions, making it easier to understand and modify than machine code.

    • Advantages (Assembly Language): Provides easier understanding and modification of code compared to machine language.

    • Disadvantages (Assembly Language): Still dependent on the specific computer architecture, making programs not portable.

    • High-Level Languages: These languages are independent of a specific machine, using formats similar to English or mathematical symbols. They are typically translated into machine language by a compiler or interpreter, making them easier to write and understand for programmers.

    Types of Computers

    • Desktop Computers: Common for home and office use, with separate processing, storage, and input/output units.

    • Notebook/Laptop Computers: Compact portable versions of desktop computers.

    • Workstations: Feature more computational power than typical PCs, suitable for complex tasks.

    • Enterprise Systems (Mainframes): Designed for large-scale data processing in businesses. They have significant computational power and storage capacity.

    • Servers: Serve as hosts for data and provide access to various resources, for example, in banks or educational institutions.

    • Supercomputers: High performance computers for very complex calculations in various fields, including weather forecasting and design purposes.

    Basic Operational Concepts

    • Computer Architecture (CA): Deals with the organizational structure and behavior of a computer. This encompasses hardware, instruction set architecture, and computer organization.

    • Computer Hardware: The physical components of a computer, including the circuits, storage devices, and communication facilities.

    • Instruction Set Architecture: The interface between the programmer and the computer's hardware, defining the instructions the processor can execute. This includes instruction set, registers, memory organization, and exception handling (e.g., Complex Instruction Set Computers (CISC) and Reduced Instruction Set Computers (RISC)).

    • Computer Organization: The high-level aspects of a computer's design, including memory systems, bus structure, and internal CPU design that describes the functions and structure of the units.

    Functional Units

    • A computer has five main functional units: Input, Memory, Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), Output, and Control units.

    • Input Unit: Receives data from the outside world.

    • Memory Unit: Stores data and instructions.

    • ALU: Performs arithmetic and logical operations.

    • Output Unit: Sends processed data to the outside world.

    • Control Unit: Controls the flow of data and instructions within the computer.

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    Digital Design and Computer Organization Module 3 PDF

    Description

    Explore the fundamental concepts of digital design and computer organization in this quiz. Learn about the basic structure of computers, types of languages including low-level and machine language, and their advantages. Test your understanding of how computers process, store, and interpret information.

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