Digital Design and Computer Organization
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Questions and Answers

Which format uses the most significant bit (MSB) to indicate the sign of a number?

  • Sign and magnitude
  • 1's complement
  • 2's complement
  • All of the above (correct)

In the 2's complement representation, -5 can be obtained by directly complementing the bits of +5 and adding 1.

True (A)

What is the representation of -5 in sign and magnitude format?

1101

The _______ cache is used to speed up the retrieval of instructions and data from the main memory.

<p>cache</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the number representation formats to their operational methods:

<p>Sign and magnitude = Change MSB for negative 1's complement = Complement all bits 2's complement = Complement then add 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of adding two binary digits '1' and '1'?

<p>10 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The carry-out signal from the MSB is significant when performing addition in n-bit signed numbers using the 2's complement.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should you do to subtract two numbers using the 2's complement system?

<p>Take the 2's complement of the second number and add it to the first.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Master-Ready (MR) signal indicate?

<p>Master is ready for a transaction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The slave-ready (SR) signal is sent to indicate that the input data are not available on the bus.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a bridge in a computer system?

<p>To translate signals and protocols between different buses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The three major standard I/O interfaces are PCI, SCSI, and ____.

<p>USB</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following interfaces with their descriptions:

<p>PCI = Defines an expansion bus on the motherboard SCSI = High-speed parallel bus for disk and video devices USB = Used for connecting additional devices inside and outside the computer Bridge = Translates signals between different buses</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what clock cycle does the master send a new address to start a transfer?

<p>Cycle 4 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The delay between t1 and t0 must be less than the maximum possible bus skew.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the full handshake scheme in data transfer?

<p>It provides a higher degree of flexibility and reliability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a computer primarily defined as?

<p>A fast electronic calculating machine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

High-level languages can be directly understood by a computer.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of low-level languages?

<p>Machine Language and Assembly Language</p> Signup and view all the answers

A computer program consists of a list of internally stored instructions in the computer's ___ memory.

<p>memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of languages with their characteristics:

<p>Low-Level Language = Directly corresponds to specific machines Machine Language = First type of programming language developed High-Level Language = Easier for humans to read and write Assembly Language = Uses mnemonics instead of binary codes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does machine language consist of?

<p>Strings of binary digits (0s and 1s) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Machine language requires a translator to convert it into a language the computer can understand.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using machine language in computing?

<p>Fast and efficient use of the computer</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the SIN status flag indicate when it is set to 1?

<p>A character is available at the keyboard (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the voltage on the IR line when a device requests an interrupt?

<p>It drops to 0 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The interrupt vector is an address that points to the interrupt service routine (ISR).

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pull-up resistor pulls the line voltage down to ground level when the switches are open.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two methods for controlling interrupt-requests?

<p>At Device-end and At Processor-end</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the open-collector or open-drain gates in the INTR line?

<p>To control the INTR line by switching it to ground.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The processor activates the ______ line to indicate it's ready to receive the interrupt-vector code.

<p>INTA</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sequence of events involved in handling an interrupt-request begins when the device raises an ________.

<p>interrupt-request</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition-code indicates an interrupt-request for the display?

<p>DIRQ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the mechanisms to prevent the infinite loop problem from successive interruptions?

<p>Allow all interrupts during ISR (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the interrupt-related terms with their meanings:

<p>IRQ = Interrupt request from a device ISR = Interrupt service routine INTA = Initiate response for interrupt IE = Interrupt enable</p> Signup and view all the answers

Polling all devices connected to the bus is the most efficient way to service interrupts.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each interrupt handling mechanism to its description:

<p>Ignore interrupts = Processor ignores requests during ISR Disable interrupts = Interrupts are disabled before ISR starts Edge-triggered line = Responds only to leading edge of signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must the processor do to recognize the device requesting an interrupt?

<p>The processor needs to identify the interrupting device.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the IRQ bit?

<p>To signal an interrupt request from a device.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When the device is informed that its request has been recognized, it ________ the interrupt-request signal.

<p>deactivates</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a hub in a USB system?

<p>It broadcasts messages to all downstream devices. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Each device connected to a USB hub can have a unique 7-bit address assigned to it.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial address assigned to a device when connected to a hub?

<p>0</p> Signup and view all the answers

A packet consists of one or more __________ of information.

<p>bytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of USB packets with their functions:

<p>Control packets = Acknowledge correct data reception Data packets = Carry information to a device Packet Identifier (PID) = Identifies the type of packet Reset signal = Used to reset a device connection</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a step taken by the host when a new device is connected?

<p>Delete the previous devices associated with the hub. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first field of any packet is called the Packet Identifier (PID).

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the information contained in packets during transmission?

<p>It is transmitted twice, once with true values and once with bits complemented.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Machine Language Instruction

A machine language instruction for a computer. It is a sequence of 0s and 1s representing the presence or absence of an electric pulse.

Machine Language

A computer language that is directly interpreted into the hardware. It is the lowest level of programming language.

Computer Program

A computer program is a set of instructions that tell a computer what to do.

Computer Memory

Computer memory is the internal storage area where the computer program and data are stored.

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Language for computers

A set of instructions that are written in a language that is specific to a particular computer.

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Low-Level Languages

Low-level languages are computer languages that are either very close to or directly correspond to machine language.

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High-Level Languages

High-level languages are designed to be more user-friendly and easier to understand than low-level languages.

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Computer

A fast electronic calculating machine that processes digitized information and produces output information.

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Cache

A temporary storage area in the processor that holds frequently used data and instructions, reducing the need to access slower main memory.

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Sign and Magnitude

A system for representing numbers that uses the most significant bit (MSB) to indicate the sign (+ or -), with the remaining bits representing the magnitude of the number.

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1's Complement

A system for representing numbers where negative numbers are formed by complementing each bit of the corresponding positive number (flipping 0s to 1s and 1s to 0s).

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2's Complement

A system for representing numbers where negative numbers are formed by adding 1 to the 1's complement of the corresponding positive number. The most efficient system for arithmetic operations with signed numbers.

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Adding Signed Numbers (2's Complement)

The process of adding two signed numbers in the 2's complement system. The carry-out bit from the most significant bit (MSB) is ignored.

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Subtracting Signed Numbers (2's Complement)

The process of subtracting two signed numbers in the 2's complement system. Convert the subtrahend (the number being subtracted) to its 2's complement and then add it to the minuend (the number being subtracted from).

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2's Complement Range

The range of values that can be represented in a 2's complement system with 'n' bits. The range is from -2^(n-1) to 2^(n-1) - 1.

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Conversion Between Number Representations

The process of converting a signed number from one representation system (like sign and magnitude) to another (like 2's complement).

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How interrupt requests are handled

The voltage on the interrupt line is Vdd when all interrupt signals are inactive. When a device requests an interrupt, the voltage drops to 0, causing the INTR signal received by the processor to become 1. This signal is the logical OR of all interrupt requests from individual devices (INTR1, INTR2, etc.).

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Open collector/open drain gate

A special gate that drives the interrupt line. It acts like a switch to ground, closing when the input is '1' to allow a low signal and opening when the input is '0' to allow a high signal. A pull-up resistor keeps the line high when the switch is open.

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Enabling and disabling interrupts

The processor must be able to enable and disable interrupts as needed. Disabling interrupts is necessary to prevent infinite loops caused by successive interrupts during ISR execution.

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Interrupt disabling during ISR

Interrupts are typically disabled before the ISR starts to prevent a new interrupt from interrupting the current ISR. This ensures that the ISR completes before handling new interrupts.

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Edge-triggered interrupt line

A special line that triggers only on the leading edge of a signal. This prevents multiple interrupts from the same signal during a single event.

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Interrupt handling sequence

These are a series of steps the processor follows when an interrupt occurs. These involve receiving the request, disabling interrupts, handling the device request, and then re-enabling interrupts.

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Handling multiple device interrupts

The processor needs to identify the device requesting the interrupt, find the correct ISR (Interrupt Service Routine), and decide whether to allow interrupts during ISR execution. It also needs to handle multiple simultaneous interrupts.

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Identifying the interrupting device

The processor must determine which device is requesting the interrupt to select the proper Interrupt Service Routine (ISR). This is often done using a unique ID associated with each device.

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Polling

A method of handling interrupts where the processor checks the status of each device in turn to see if it is requesting an interrupt.

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Vectored Interrupts

A mechanism where a device requesting an interrupt sends a unique identification code to the processor, indicating the specific interrupt handler to execute.

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Interrupt Vector

A special code that identifies the starting address of the interrupt service routine (ISR) for a particular device.

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INTA line

A line used by the processor to acknowledge an interrupt request from a device.

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Interrupt Enable (IE) bit

A bit in a control register that determines whether a device is allowed to generate an interrupt request.

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Interrupt Nesting

A method of controlling interrupts using priority levels, where devices with higher priorities are serviced before those with lower priorities.

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Processor Priority

The priority of the program that is currently being executed by the processor.

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Multiple-Priority Scheme

A structure where each device has its own Interrupt Request (INTR) and Interrupt Acknowledge (INTA) lines, allowing for prioritized interrupt handling.

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Asynchronous Bus

A type of bus communication where data transfer is coordinated using handshake signals between the master and slave devices.

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Master-Ready (MR) Signal

A signal sent by the master device to indicate it's ready to begin a data transfer.

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Slave-Ready (SR) Signal

A signal sent by the slave device to indicate it's ready to receive data.

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Bus Skew Delay (t1 - t0)

The delay between the master sending the address/command and setting the MR signal to 1. This delay ensures all devices have enough time to decode the address.

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Bridge

A circuit that translates signals and protocols between different bus standards, allowing devices to communicate with each other.

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SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)

A high-speed parallel bus designed for data-intensive peripherals like hard drives and video cards.

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USB (Universal Serial Bus)

A standardized interface that relies on a single serial connection, ideal for connecting a wide range of peripherals to a computer.

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PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect)

An expansion bus on the motherboard that provides high-speed communication between the computer's components and peripheral devices.

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Root Hub

The central connection point for all USB devices in a system. It connects to the host computer and provides the communication pathway for all devices.

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USB Port

A physical connection point on a USB hub that allows a device to connect to the USB Tree. Each port can be a hub or an I/O device.

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USB Address

A unique identifier assigned to each USB device. It's a 7-bit address that helps the host computer differentiate between various devices.

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USB Packet

A special packet used to communicate information on the USB bus, containing payload data and control information.

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Packet Identifier (PID)

A field within a USB packet that specifies the type of the packet. It determines whether the packet contains control information, data, or other information.

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Control Packets

Packets used for essential operations like establishing communication, acknowledging received data, or reporting error conditions.

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Data Packets

Packets used for carrying actual data exchanged between the host and the devices. They transfer the information needed for specific tasks.

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USB Enumeration

The process of the host computer periodically checking for new devices, collecting status information, and assigning unique addresses to new devices.

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Study Notes

Digital Design and Computer Organization

  • Basic Structure of Computers: A computer is a fast electronic machine that takes digitized input, processes it according to stored instructions, and outputs the result. Computer memory stores the instructions, which are collectively called the computer program.

Types of Languages

  • Low-Level Languages: These languages correspond directly to a specific machine. Machine language is the lowest level, using binary code (0s and 1s), which computers can directly understand. Assembly language is a slightly higher-level representation of machine code, using symbolic codes (mnemonics) to represent operations.

  • Machine Language: The fundamental language of a computer, represented by strings of binary digits (0s and 1s). This lowest level is directly interpreted by the hardware. It's commonly written in hexadecimal.

  • Advantages (Machine Language): Machine language directly runs on the computer with no intermediaries, making it very efficient.

  • Disadvantages (Machine Language): All operation codes and memory addresses must be memorized, making it difficult to modify or debug.

  • Assembly Language: A higher-level language directly corresponding to machine language. It uses mnemonics for instructions, making it easier to understand and modify than machine code.

  • Advantages (Assembly Language): Provides easier understanding and modification of code compared to machine language.

  • Disadvantages (Assembly Language): Still dependent on the specific computer architecture, making programs not portable.

  • High-Level Languages: These languages are independent of a specific machine, using formats similar to English or mathematical symbols. They are typically translated into machine language by a compiler or interpreter, making them easier to write and understand for programmers.

Types of Computers

  • Desktop Computers: Common for home and office use, with separate processing, storage, and input/output units.

  • Notebook/Laptop Computers: Compact portable versions of desktop computers.

  • Workstations: Feature more computational power than typical PCs, suitable for complex tasks.

  • Enterprise Systems (Mainframes): Designed for large-scale data processing in businesses. They have significant computational power and storage capacity.

  • Servers: Serve as hosts for data and provide access to various resources, for example, in banks or educational institutions.

  • Supercomputers: High performance computers for very complex calculations in various fields, including weather forecasting and design purposes.

Basic Operational Concepts

  • Computer Architecture (CA): Deals with the organizational structure and behavior of a computer. This encompasses hardware, instruction set architecture, and computer organization.

  • Computer Hardware: The physical components of a computer, including the circuits, storage devices, and communication facilities.

  • Instruction Set Architecture: The interface between the programmer and the computer's hardware, defining the instructions the processor can execute. This includes instruction set, registers, memory organization, and exception handling (e.g., Complex Instruction Set Computers (CISC) and Reduced Instruction Set Computers (RISC)).

  • Computer Organization: The high-level aspects of a computer's design, including memory systems, bus structure, and internal CPU design that describes the functions and structure of the units.

Functional Units

  • A computer has five main functional units: Input, Memory, Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), Output, and Control units.

  • Input Unit: Receives data from the outside world.

  • Memory Unit: Stores data and instructions.

  • ALU: Performs arithmetic and logical operations.

  • Output Unit: Sends processed data to the outside world.

  • Control Unit: Controls the flow of data and instructions within the computer.

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Digital Design and Computer Organization Module 3 PDF

Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of digital design and computer organization in this quiz. Learn about the basic structure of computers, types of languages including low-level and machine language, and their advantages. Test your understanding of how computers process, store, and interpret information.

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