Digital Communication and Switching: Traffic Engineering
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Questions and Answers

What is the name of the course?

Digital Communication and Switching

What semester is the course being taught in?

Semester I

What is the name of the course lecturer?

Lenin Joseph

What are the two outcomes covered in this lecture?

<p>Traffic Engineering and Modern Local Access Techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a modern local access technique mentioned in the lecture?

<p>ISDN</p> Signup and view all the answers

Traffic engineering can be solely applied to the PSTN (public switched telephone network).

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the Danish mathematician who developed methods of signal traffic measurement in the early 1900s?

<p>A.K. Erlang</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is traffic measured in a telephone network?

<p>Call seconds (CCS) or erlangs</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many seconds of telephone time are equal to one CCS?

<p>100 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main objective of traffic engineering regarding message queues?

<p>Minimize or eliminate high-loss situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Traffic engineering aims to balance the QoS (Quality of Service) with the cost involved in operating and maintaining the network.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does GOS stand for?

<p>Grade of Service</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit for traffic intensity?

<p>Erlang</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides ISDN, what other digital telephony and broadband access technologies are mentioned in the text?

<p>Internet Protocol Telephony, xDSL, Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET), Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), Frame Relay, Cable Internet access, and Fiber to the home (FFTH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of lines does xDSL utilize for data transmission?

<p>Copper telephone lines</p> Signup and view all the answers

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) provides internet access through the traditional circuit-switched network, not the telephone network.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What frequency range does DSL use and what range is left for traditional telephone communication?

<p>DSL uses the high frequencies while the low frequencies are left for telephone communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of DSL mentioned in the text?

<p>ADSL (Asymmetric DSL) and SDSL (Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line)</p> Signup and view all the answers

ADSL offers a balance between download and upload speeds, while SDSL focuses on speed and efficiency for both.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

VDSL is a new technology developed in 2001.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the applications that VDSL can support?

<p>High-definition television, voice over IP, and general internet access</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is generally considered the traditional way of providing internet access?

<p>Through the public switched telephone network</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the newer method for internet access described in the text?

<p>Through the public internet</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Voice over IP' (VoIP) refer to?

<p>The provisioning of communication services like voice, fax, SMS, and voice messaging over the internet</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a part of the steps involved in originating a VoIP telephone call?

<p>Direct analog connection</p> Signup and view all the answers

What three different types of hardware or software are used for transmitting conversations in VoIP?

<p>IP Phones, analog telephone adapters, and softphone computer applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Digital Communication and Switching - Semester I AY 2024-25

  • Course: Digital Communication and Switching
  • Semester: I, AY 2024-25
  • Outcome #10 & #11: Traffic Engineering & Modern Local Access Techniques
  • Lecturer: Lenin Joseph (LJ)
  • Date: Dec 24, 2024

Outcome #10: Traffic Engineering

  • Understanding Traffic Engineering concepts, including:
    • Erlang's formula
    • Traffic Load
    • Grade of Service (GoS)

Outcome #11: Modern Local Access Techniques

  • Describing modern local access techniques, including:
    • xDSL
    • WLL (Wireless Local Loops)

Introduction to Traffic Engineering

  • Traffic engineering is a method to optimize telecommunications network performance.
  • It involves dynamically analyzing, predicting, and regulating data transmission behaviors within the network.

Traffic Engineering Concepts

  • Traffic engineering is also known as teletraffic engineering and traffic management.
  • Applicable to various network types:
    • PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network)
    • LANs (Local Area Networks)
    • WANs (Wide Area Networks)
    • Cellular networks
    • Proprietary business networks
    • The Internet

Overview of Traffic Engineering

  • A.K. Erlang, a Danish mathematician, developed the initial theory of traffic engineering in the early 1900s.
  • Traffic is measured in call seconds (CCS) or erlangs.
    • One CCS equals 100 seconds of phone time.
    • One erlang equals one hour or 36 CCS of phone time.

Requirements for Traffic Engineering

  • Message queues becoming unacceptably long or the frequency of busy signals becoming high indicate a high-loss condition in a network.
  • A major objective of traffic engineering is to minimize or eliminate high-loss situations.

Quality of Service (QoS)

  • A goal of traffic engineering is balancing QoS against the cost of network operation and maintenance.

Grade of Service (GOS)

  • GOS measures blocking probability.
  • It measures the ability of users to access the system during the busiest hour.
  • GOS depends on the number of available channels and the total number of users a network can support.
  • Units for traffic intensity are given as Erlang.

Digital Telephony and Broadband Access Technologies

  • Technologies covered include:
    • Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
    • Internet Protocol (IP) Telephony
    • xDSL (various types)
    • Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET)
    • Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)
    • Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
    • Frame Relay
    • Cable Internet access
    • Fiber to the home (FFTH)

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)

  • ISDN is a set of standards for simultaneous digital voice, video, data, and other network services using traditional circuits in public switched telephone networks.
  • It supports multiple services (voice, data, video) over a single line.

Internet Protocol (IP) Telephony

  • Internet Telephony is another name for Voice over IP (VoIP)
  • It uses the public Internet for communication (voice, fax, SMS, voice messaging) instead of PSTN.
  • Modern computer networks use VoIP.

xDSL

  • DSL stands for digital subscriber loop.
  • xDSL is a generic term for various DSL technologies using existing copper telephone lines.
  • High-speed data transmission over limited distances.

ADSL and SDSL

  • ADSL (Asymmetric DSL) has higher downstream data rates than upstream rates.
  • SDSL (Symmetric DSL) has equal downstream and upstream data rates.

VDSL

  • VDSL (Very high bit-rate DSL) offers high-definition television, voice over IP, and general internet access on a single physical connection.
  • ITU G.993.1 standard approved in 2001.

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Digital Communication and Switching Past Lecture Notes PDF

Description

Explore key concepts in Traffic Engineering and Modern Local Access Techniques in this quiz for Digital Communication and Switching, Semester I AY 2024-25. Understand Erlang's formula, Traffic Load, and various access technologies like xDSL and Wireless Local Loops. Test your knowledge on optimizing telecommunications network performance.

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