Digital Citizenship and Online Privacy

Social Media

• Social media are computer programs and websites that allow people to share and communicate online using phones or computers.
• It's a form of electronic communication, used for social networking and microblogging.
• Social media is about building relationships, community, interacting with audiences, and holding conversations.
• Integrity, openness, and authenticity are crucial aspects.
• Responding to comments and listening to feedback on social media is important.
• Being interesting, relevant, credible, and captivating is key.

Common Types of Social Media

• Social networking sites: Examples: Facebook, LinkedIn, Instagram, Twitter, TikTok, Snapchat
• Photo and image-sharing sites: Examples: Instagram, Snapchat, Pinterest, Imgur
• Video sharing sites: Examples: YouTube, TikTok, Vimeo
• Audio sharing sites: Examples: Clubhouse, Twitter Spaces, Facebook Live Audio Rooms
• Live streaming apps: Examples: YouTube Live, Facebook Live, Twitch, UStream
• Social messaging apps: Examples: Facebook Messenger, Twitter DMs, Google Business Messenger, WhatsApp, WeChat
• Disappearing content apps: Examples: Snapchat, Instagram Stories, Facebook Stories
• Social shopping networks: Examples: Facebook for Business, Shopify x TikTok, Instagram Shop, Pinterest Shoppable Pins
• Interactive social media apps: Examples: Instagram Stories, Snapchat, TikTok, Tumblr, Weibo
• Discussion forums: Examples: Reddit, Quora, Stack Overflow
• Microblogging platforms: Examples: Twitter, Tumblr, Pinterest, LinkedIn
• Community blogging sites: Examples: Medium, Growth Hackers, BlogEngage, DoSplash
• Social review sites: Examples: Google Business Profile, Amazon, Yelp, Facebook
• Social curation and bookmarking sites: Examples: Pocket, Digg, Pinterest, Mix

Benefits of Social Media among Students

• Communication and collaboration
• Access to information
• Networking
• Personal branding
• Entertainment, inspiration, and creative expression
• Experience global exposure
• Employment opportunities
• Social media marketing

Risks of Social Media

• Inadequacy about your life or appearance
• Fear of missing out (FOMO) and social media addiction
• Isolation
• Depression and anxiety
• Cyberbullying
• Self-absorption

Other Causes of Unhealthy Social Media Use

• Social media use as a "security blanket"
• Heavy social media use masking underlying problems like stress, depression, or boredom

Other Indicators of Social Media Impacting Mental Health

• Spending more time on social media than with real-world friends
• Comparing yourself unfavorably with others on social media
• Experiencing cyberbullying
• Being distracted at school or work
• Having no time for self-reflection
• Engaging in risky behavior to gain likes, shares, or positive reactions
• Suffering from sleep problems
• Worsening symptoms of anxiety or depression

Information Disorder

• Information disorder is a term for understanding phenomena in the information universe.
• It's divided into three categories: misinformation, disinformation, and malinformation.
• Information disorder syndrome involves sharing or developing false information, with or without the intent to harm.
• Misinformation is unintentional mistakes, like inaccurate captions, dates, statistics, or when satire is taken seriously.
• Disinformation is fabricated or manipulated content, often including conspiracy theories or rumors.
• Malinformation is deliberate publication of private information for personal or corporate rather than public interest purposes, often involving changing context, date, or time of genuine content.

Types of Mis- & Disinformation

• Satire or parody: No intention to harm, but can deceive.
• False connection: Misleading headlines or visuals that don't match the story.
• Misleading content: Manipulation of headlines, quotes, or statistics to support a specific view.
• False context: Genuine content is shared in a misleading or harmful context.
• Imposter content: Impersonation of legitimate sources.
• Manipulated content: Altering genuine photos or videos.
• Fabricated content: Content is 100% false, made to deceive or harm.

Causes of Information Disorder

• Digital technologies
• Lack of media literacy
• Confirmation bias
• Partisan politics
• Financial incentives
• Foreign interference

Trends in Information Disorder

• Increasing polarization
• Amplification of conspiracy theories
• Misinformation and disinformation during crises
• Use of deep fakes and other manipulated media
• Influence operations by foreign entities

Influences of Information Disorder

• Public health
• Political processes
• Social cohesion
• Economic impacts
• National security
• Individual behavior

Preventing Information Disorder

• Develop media literacy skills
• Fact-checking and verification
• Promote digital literacy and responsible social media use
• Encourage transparency and accountability
• Combat foreign interference
• Better technology solutions

Community-Level Fake Account Operators

• Follow a script to spread disinformation through written or visual content on social media.
• Post a set number of comments or posts daily on various sites, including Facebook, to maintain activity.
• Initiate bandwagon effects by spreading positive messages about a subject to promote wide support.

Trolls and Deep Fake Technology

• Trolls are intentionally disruptive in online communities.
• Deepfakes are AI-created videos that mimic real people.

Anonymity

• Online anonymity allows for easier trolling due to the illusion of no accountability.

Tribalism

• Humans are social creatures and have a desire to belong to groups, which can be used to spread disinformation.

Individual Factors Contributing to Trolling

• Personality
• Ideologically possessed beliefs
• Conditioning

How to Combat Trolls

• Don't feed the trolls
• Be supportive against trolls by keeping up morale
• Add moderators
• Challenge with facts and sources
• Kill them with kindness
• Disarm with humor
• Have Friend-Only Social Profiles
• Block, ban, or report trolls
• Decompress before you reply
• Stay professional

What is a Bot?

• An internet bot is software that runs automated tasks online.
• Bots can be benign or malicious, with malicious bots potentially performing harmful actions.

Types of Bots

• Chatbots
• Web crawlers
• Social bots
• Malicious bots

Role of Bots in Social Media

• Amplify popularity
• Influence elections
• Manipulate markets
• Amplify phishing attacks
• Spread spam
• Shutdown free speech

Tips for Spotting Bots on Social Media

• Profile information
• Activity
• Network
• Content quality

How to Combat Bots on Social Media

• Don't overshare
• Don't divulge non-essential personal information
• Avoid spreading false information

Deep Fake Technology

• Deepfakes are AI-generated videos that can perfectly mimic people.
• The technology is still improving and making detection more difficult.

Deepfake Photo

• Key indicators of deepfakes in photos include image quality, facial expressions, and any signs of photoshopping.

Deepfake Video

• Spotting deepfake videos can be challenging, as poorly made deepfakes are noticeable, while high-quality ones are more difficult to identify.

How to Spot a Deepfake Video

• Unnatural eye movements
• Unnatural facial expressions
• Awkward facial-feature positioning
• Lack of emotion
• Awkward-looking body posture
• Unnatural body movement or body shape
• Unnatural coloring
• Hair that doesn't look real
• Teeth that don't look real
• Blurring or misalignment
• \ Inconsistent noise or audio.
• Images that look unnatural when slowed down.
• Hashtag discrepancies
• Digital fingerprints
• Reverse image searches
• Video glitches and flickers

Combating Deepfakes

• Social media rules
• Verification programs
• Research lab technologies
• Deepfake Detection Challenge
• Emerging detection programs
• Filtering programs
• Corporate best practices
• U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
• U.S. legislation

Fact-Checking on Social Media

• Fact-checking is crucial.
• Mechanistic approach is needed to identify accurate information online to verify claims.

The CRAAP Test

• A test to confirm the accuracy and credibility of information sources using criteria like currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, and purpose.

On Currency

• Check the age of the source.
• Use most recent sources if the information is time-sensitive.
• For evergreen topics, older resources can still be valuable even if outdated.

On Relevance

• Context matters.
• Verify if material is placed in the correct context.
• Consider target audience.

On Authority

• Verify the author's expertise and credentials.
• Identify and investigate the source's publisher.
• Investigate gatekeepers such as editors and peer reviewers.
• Look for verifiable images that show first hand knowledge.

On Accuracy

• Verify the references and sources.
• Evaluate the data, looking at supporting information, such as statistics and first-person accounts.
• Evaluate the potential bias in writing.
• Review the source, seeking multiple viewpoints.

On Purpose

• Evaluate the author's intent and reason for creating the information.
• Check for potential bias.
• Evaluate if the information is only promoting an agenda.
• Evaluate commercial intent.
• Evaluate and check for any entertainment intent.

Tools & Platforms to Combat Information Disorder

• FactCheck.org
• PolitiFact
• Snopes
• Duke Reporters' Lab
• Media Bias/Fact Check

Bot/Spam Detection Tools

• Bot Sentinel
• Botometer

Codes & Standards

• Credibility Coalition
• ProTruth Pledge
• Journalism Trust Initiative (JTI)
• The Trust Project
• Global Disinformation Index (GDI)
• Public Editor
• ClaimReview
• Know News

Disinformation Tracking Tools

• Ad Observer
• TwitterTrails
• Iffy Quotient
• Hamilton 2.0 Dashboard

Education/Training Resources

• Project Look Sharp
• Bad News
• Digital Resource Center
• Civic Online Reasoning (CORE)
• IREX
• PolitiTruth
• Newseum
• Coursera
• Mozilla Project
• Truth Goggles
• Checkology
• Google Interland
• Ruff Ruffman
• First Draft

Multimedia Platforms & Tools

• NewsGuard
• Google News Initiative

Whitelisting Methods

• ABP Addblock Plus
• Whitelist Manager
• Website Whitelist
• Domain whitelist

Mobile Applications

• The Factual
• FactMata
• First Draft

Staying Safe Online

• Keep security systems updated.
• Check bank statements frequently.
• Only shop on secure websites.
• Back up everything.
• Get informed about ransomware.
• Improve your passwords.
• Never share passwords.
• Keep your passwords safe.
• Learn how to respond to a data breach.
• Use public computers cautiously.
• Avoid phishing scams.
• Protect your devices

Social Media Etiquettes

• Remember the Human.
• Be ethical.
• Know where you are.
• Respect other people's time and data limits.
• Make yourself look good online.
• Share expert knowledge
• Keep disagreements healthy
• Respect other people's privacy

Digital Hygiene in Social Media

• Essential for protecting information and online security.

Digital Footprints

• Online presence leaves traces.
• Footprints can be helpful or harmful to a digital reputation.
• Be mindful that digital footprints can stay forever.

Digital Hygiene Procedures

• Limit the information shared on social networking sites.
• Review privacy settings on major social media accounts (Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, etc.).
• Disable ad ID tracking on mobile devices.
• Use throwaway email addresses.
• Reduce the amount of advertisements seen online.
• Limit the use of digital gadgets.

Social Media Hygiene Strategies

• Put away electronic devices before bed.
• Put away electronic devices while meeting with people in person.
• Set limits on social media use.

ICT Social & Ethical Issues - Privacy

• Smart technology at home and pervasive monitoring.
• Privacy enhancing versus losing control of sensitive information.

ICT Social & Ethical Issues - Autonomy

• Man out-of-the-loop
• Filtering versus freedom of expression

ICT Social & Ethical Issues - Safety

• Identity fraud
• Psychological damage in virtual worlds

ICT Social & Ethical Issues - Human Dignity

• Unlearning moral skills
• Social alienation and desocialization

ICT Social & Ethical Issues - Other Issues

• Computer crime
• Copyright infringement
• Digital divide
• Etiquette
• Fair use (of content)
• Information rights
• Plagiarism
• Privacy in the digital realm
• Software license
• Software privacy

Digital Citizenship

• Acceptance and upholding of norms for appropriate digital behavior
• Digital etiquette, literacy, ethics, understanding of related laws, how to stay safe online, safety issues, and permanence of data.

Elements of Digital Citizenship

• Digital Access
• Digital Commerce
• Digital Communications
• Digital Literacy
• Digital Etiquette
• Digital Law
• Digital Rights and Responsibilities
• Digital Health and Wellness
• Digital Security

Digital Law

• Republic Act 10173 (Data Privacy Act of 2012)
• Republic Act 10175 (Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012)
• Republic Act 8792 (eCommerce Act of 2000)
• Republic Act 11293 (Philippine Innovation Act)
• Republic Act 10844 (Department of Information and Communications Technology Act of 2015)
• Republic Act 11313 (Safe Spaces Act of 2018)

Explore the essential concepts of digital citizenship and best practices for online privacy in this quiz. Test your knowledge on internet bots, deepfake technology, and how to recognize malicious content online. Enhance your understanding of protecting yourself in the digital age.