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Questions and Answers
What process do single-celled organisms utilize to assimilate larger food particles?
What process do single-celled organisms utilize to assimilate larger food particles?
- Absorption through specialized grooves
- Photosynthesis
- Direct absorption through membranes
- Endocytosis (correct)
Which type of stomach do all mammals possess?
Which type of stomach do all mammals possess?
- Brachygastric stomachs
- Polygastric stomachs
- Ruminant stomachs
- Monogastric stomachs (correct)
What do goblet cells in the gastric pits produce?
What do goblet cells in the gastric pits produce?
- Pepsin
- Pepsinogen
- Hydrochloric acid
- Mucus (correct)
What is chyme?
What is chyme?
What happens to metabolic rate during digestion in most vertebrates?
What happens to metabolic rate during digestion in most vertebrates?
What is the primary purpose of goblet cells in the gastric pits?
What is the primary purpose of goblet cells in the gastric pits?
What important digestive role does the foregut serve in many species?
What important digestive role does the foregut serve in many species?
Which of the following statements about ruminant species is correct?
Which of the following statements about ruminant species is correct?
Which process occurs during gastrulation in embryonic development?
Which process occurs during gastrulation in embryonic development?
How does metabolic rate change during digestion in most vertebrates?
How does metabolic rate change during digestion in most vertebrates?
Flashcards
How do single-celled organisms acquire food?
How do single-celled organisms acquire food?
The process by which a single-celled organism takes in food. It can be either direct absorption of small molecules like sugars and amino acids through the cell membrane or endocytosis, where larger food particles are engulfed and digested within the cell.
What is a blastula?
What is a blastula?
A sphere of undifferentiated cells that forms during the early stages of embryonic development after the first few cell divisions.
What is gastrulation?
What is gastrulation?
The process of invagination and differentiation of cells into distinct layers, leading to the formation of the body's basic structures. It's a crucial step in the development of all animals except sponges.
What is the hindgut?
What is the hindgut?
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What is a monogastric stomach?
What is a monogastric stomach?
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Study Notes
Single-Celled Organism Digestion
- Single-celled organisms absorb nutrients (sugars, amino acids, etc.) directly through their cell membranes.
- They use endocytosis to engulf larger food particles and digest them internally.
Blastula and Gastrulation
- A blastula (or blastocyst) is a sphere of undifferentiated cells formed shortly after initial cell division.
- Gastrulation is the process where cells invaginate and differentiate into two or three layers. All animals except sponges undergo gastrulation.
Digestive System Parts: Hindgut, Headgut, Foregut
- The hindgut primarily stores waste and regulates ion and water balance.
- The headgut and foregut are specialized to process an animal's diet.
Mammalian Stomachs
- All mammals have monogastric stomachs (one compartment), typically found in omnivores.
- Ruminant mammals are those with multi-compartment stomachs.
Gastric Pit Cells and Functions
- Goblet cells produce mucus to protect stomach lining from acid.
- Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl).
- Chief cells produce pepsinogen, which HCl activates into pepsin, a protein-digesting enzyme. Pepsin also activates more pepsinogen, creating a cascade effect.
Chyme Formation and Digestion
- Chyme is a thick, semifluid mixture of partially digested food and digestive secretions formed in the stomach and intestines.
- Gastric glands in the stomach release digestive juices containing pepsin (protein digestion) and HCl.
Digestion Complexity
- Simple nutrients (sugars, amino acids, etc.) are readily absorbed.
- Complex substances (tissues, proteins, fats, carbohydrates) require more energy to digest.
- Protein and lipids are more difficult to digest than carbohydrates.
Metabolic Rate During Digestion
- In most vertebrates, metabolic rate during digestion is at most twice the resting metabolic rate.
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