Digestive System: Process, Organs and Function

• The digestive system's function is to process food within the body.
• The pharynx is incorrectly paired with the function of being the voice box.

Digestion

• Initial chemical digestion occurs in the mouth.
• Food is broken down into smaller pieces through chewing.
• Amylase in saliva aids in carbohydrate breakdown.
• Protease and lipase are not secreted by the tongue, therefore they are not involved in protein breakdown.

Stomach activity

• When food reaches the stomach, it mixes with juices, and the stomach muscles squeeze it.

Waste disposal

• The digestive system processes food, with usable materials going to body cells.
• Unusable materials go to the large intestine until disposal.

Alimentary canal

• Food moves through the digestive system in this order: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum.

Enzymes and Digestion

• Chemical digestion is the process of breaking down food into smaller molecules with the aid of enzymes.

Amylase

• Amylase, is the enzyme in saliva that helps break down starch.

Large Intestine

• Water reabsorption from chyme is the main function of the large intestine.

Intestinal Villi

• The most essential function of the intestinal villi is to increase surface area for nutrient absorption.

Digestion Aides

• Wavelike muscle contractions aid the passage of food through the digestive tract.

Diarrhea

• Diarrhea results from the organ affected by too much unabsorbed water, the large intestine.

Bile Ducts

• Hardened cholesterol stones cause painful blockages in bile ducts, which effects the gall bladder.

Disease Prevention

• To avoid disease in the large intestine, drink plenty of water.

Lower Right Abdomen

• Sharp, localized pain in the lower right abdomen is an initial symptom a diseases effecting the appendix.

Mitosis Phases

• The correct sequence of mitosis phases is: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
• During metaphase, chromosomes align at the cell's center, and centromeres divide.

Interphase

• Chromatin does not condense during interphase.

Cell Growth

• G1 phase is the primary growth phase of a cell.

Homologous Chromosomes

• Daughter cells are formed after the pairing of homologous chromosomes.

Heredity Study

• Genetics is the branch of science that studies heredity.

Punnett Squares

• Punnett squares are used to predict the outcome of crosses of traits.

Trait Passing

• Heredity is known for the passing of traits from parent to child/offspring.

Two factor cross

• A dihybrid cross is also known as a two-factor cross.

Phenotypic Ratio

• Based on the dihybrid cross, the correct phenotypic ratio is 9 round yellow seeds, 3 round green seeds, 3 wrinkled yellow seeds, and 1 wrinkled green seed.

Genetics Problem

• Given axial flowers (T) are dominant over terminal flowers (t), and a heterozygous plant (Tt) self-pollinates:
• The genotypes of the parents (P1) in the cross are Tt x Tt.
• The possible gametes the parents can produce are Tt and Tt.
• The possible phenotypes of the F1 generation are axial and terminal.
• The dominant allele masks or suppresses the expression of an alternate allele.

Energy Transfer

• In an energy pyramid, if producers absorb 10,000 kcal of energy from the sun, primary consumers receive 1,000 kcal.
• In a food pyramid, the amount of energy decreases by 90% at each trophic level from producers to top consumers.

Biological Classification

• Animalia is the largest category where an organism can be classified.

Scientific Names

• In scientific nomenclature, the organism's name derives from its genus and species.
• The scientific name for rice is Oryza sativa.
• Humans are classified under the class Mammalia.
• Carbon dioxide is needed for photosynthesis.

Oxygen Cycle

• Plants replenish a large portion of the atmospheric oxygen supply in the oxygen cycle.

Clouds

• Water falls to the earth when clouds get too heavy to hold water in the atmosphere.

Hydrologic Cycle

• The cycling of water through the hydrologic cycle depends on all of these processes.

Atmospheric Gases

• Nitrogen is the most abundant gas in the air.

Nitrogen Use

• Lightning and special bacteria break down nitrogen gas into nutrients for plants.

Tree Planting

• Planting large numbers of trees results in a decrease in carbon dioxide production.

Forest Fires

• Oxygen will most likely decrease if there is a fire in the forest.

Water Cycle

• The water cycle process of snow melting and flowing into a creek, then a river, and eventually the ocean is runoff.

Trophic Levels

• Grass, mouse, snake, and eagle shows the correct arrangement starting from lowest to highest trophic level

Habitat Loss

• Supporting reforestation projects of the government and NGOs does not constitute habitat loss.

Introduced Species

• Humans have introduced alien species into the environment through all these ways except strict laws on importation of animals.

Conserving Ecosystems

• Using natural fertilizers like compost and animal manure enables humans to conserve food chains or food webs.

Biodiversity

• Natural ecosystems have high biological diversity because they provide more shelter, water, and food for species survival.

Protection of Biodiversity

• Planting more trees to protect and conserve wildlife habitats can protect and conserve biodiversity.