Digestive System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the large intestine?

  • To secrete hormones regulating appetite
  • To digest carbohydrates and proteins
  • To absorb water and electrolytes (correct)
  • To produce bile for fat digestion

What is the primary function of saliva in the oral cavity?

  • To provide lubrication for swallowing
  • To produce the enzyme pepsin
  • To break down proteins
  • To initiate carbohydrate digestion (correct)

Which enzyme is produced by the pancreas to aid in fat digestion?

  • Lipase (correct)
  • Protease
  • Amylase
  • Bicarbonate

What does peristalsis refer to in the digestive system?

<p>The rhythmic contraction of muscles that moves food (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Enteroendocrine cells primarily release hormones that affect what bodily function?

<p>Digestion and appetite (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of colonocytes in the large intestine?

<p>To absorb water and electrolytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which section of the small intestine is primarily involved in nutrient absorption?

<p>Jejunum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the release of bile into the duodenum?

<p>Presence of fats (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells in the small intestine are responsible for secreting mucus?

<p>Goblet Cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are simple sugars absorbed in the small intestine?

<p>Directly into the bloodstream via enterocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the oesophagus in the digestive system?

<p>To connect the pharynx to the stomach (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of goblet cells in the large intestine?

<p>To secrete mucus for lubrication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does most chemical digestion occur in the small intestine?

<p>Duodenum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of enterocytes in the small intestine?

<p>To absorb nutrients (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After fatty acids are absorbed in the enterocytes, what is the next step?

<p>Packaged into chylomicrons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle contraction is involved in moving food down the gastrointestinal tract?

<p>Peristalsis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the cephalic phase of digestion?

<p>The sight, smell, taste, or thought of food (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is NOT classified as fat-soluble?

<p>Vitamin C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of ghrelin in digestion?

<p>To signal the brain when the stomach is empty (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the release of gastric acid?

<p>Gastrin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the gastric phase of digestion?

<p>Gastric juices start being secreted (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is released in response to acidic chyme entering the small intestine?

<p>Secretin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed in the body?

<p>Along with dietary fats in the small intestine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones helps to neutralize gastric acid in the intestines?

<p>Secretin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?

<p>Energy required to maintain basic physiological functions at rest (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification for someone with a BMI of 27?

<p>Overweight (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is Body Mass Index (BMI) calculated?

<p>Weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do calories play in the body?

<p>They provide energy for all bodily functions and activities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about energy and BMR is true?

<p>BMR represents the energy used at rest (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For an adult classified as obese based on BMI, what would their BMI be?

<p>30 or greater (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component is critical to evaluate when determining daily caloric needs?

<p>Activity level and muscle mass (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between calories and BMI?

<p>Calories consumed affect weight, influencing BMI (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Peristalsis

The process of moving food through the digestive tract using rhythmic muscle contractions.

Duodenum

The first part of the small intestine where chemical digestion primarily occurs.

Oral Cavity

The entry point for food and where mechanical digestion begins.

Oesophagus

A muscular tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach, responsible for moving food down.

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Saliva

Lubricates food and begins carbohydrate digestion in the mouth, contains the enzyme amylase.

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Enterocytes

Absorptive cells lining the small intestine, responsible for nutrient absorption.

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Goblet Cells

Secrete mucus to protect the intestinal lining.

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Paneth Cells

Located at the base of the crypts, they secrete antimicrobial peptides to protect the gut from infection.

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Fat-soluble Vitamins

Vitamins A, D, E, and K are absorbed along with dietary fats in the small intestine.

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Water-soluble Vitamins

Vitamins B and C are absorbed directly into the bloodstream.

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Mineral Absorption

Minerals can enter the body through active or passive transport, depending on the mineral.

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Cephalic Phase of digestion

This phase begins when you see, smell, taste, or even think about food. It prepares your body for digestion.

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Gastric Phase of digestion

This phase starts when food reaches your stomach. It's where the stomach churns and breaks down food with gastric juices.

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Intestinal Phase of digestion

This phase begins when food enters the small intestine. It focuses on further breaking down food and absorbing nutrients.

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Leptin

This hormone is released by fat cells to reduce appetite and increase energy expenditure.

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Ghrelin

Released by the stomach when you're empty, this hormone makes you feel hungry.

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Enteroendocrine Cells

Cells that produce hormones that influence digestion and appetite.

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Large Intestine: Anatomy & Function

The large intestine is made up of the caecum, colon (ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid), rectum, and anus. Its main role is to absorb water and electrolytes from undigested food, forming and storing feces.

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Colonocytes

Absorptive cells in the large intestine responsible for reabsorbing water and electrolytes.

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Pancreas: Exocrine Function

The pancreas produces digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase, proteases) that break down food in the duodenum.

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Pancreas: Bicarbonate Secretion

The pancreas also releases bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid in the duodenum.

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Liver: Bile Production

The liver produces bile, which helps break down fats in the small intestine.

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Bile: Production & Storage

Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It's released into the duodenum when fats are present, aiding in their digestion and absorption.

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Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

The minimum energy your body needs to function at rest, like breathing and keeping your heart beating.

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Calorie

A unit of energy used to measure the amount of energy provided by food and drinks.

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Body Mass Index (BMI)

A measure of body fat based on height and weight. It helps determine if a person is underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese.

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Digestion

The breakdown of food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body.

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Absorption

The process of taking nutrients from food and moving them into the bloodstream to be used by the body.

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Cephalic Phase

The phase of digestion that begins before food even enters the stomach, triggered by the sight, smell, and taste of food.

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Gastric Phase

The phase of digestion that starts when food reaches the stomach, involving the release of gastric juices.

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Intestinal Phase

The phase of digestion that occurs in the small intestine, where the majority of nutrient absorption takes place.

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Study Notes

The Digestive System

  • The digestive system breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates waste.
  • It involves the anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal tract, accessory organs, digestion and absorption, and food intake regulation.

Components of the Gastrointestinal Tract

  • The gastrointestinal tract is a continuous tube from mouth to anus.
  • Digestion and absorption occur within it.
  • Oral Cavity: The mouth is the entry point for food. Mechanical digestion (chewing) and chemical digestion (saliva, containing amylase for starch breakdown) start here.
  • Pharynx: A pathway for food from mouth to esophagus, also part of the respiratory system.
  • Esophagus: Connects pharynx to the stomach; uses peristalsis (muscle contractions) to move food.
  • Peristalsis: Rhythmic muscle contractions that move food through the gastrointestinal tract.
  • Small Intestine: Divided into duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
    • Duodenum: Chemical digestion (bile from liver and gallbladder, enzymes from pancreas).
    • Jejunum: Nutrient absorption.
    • Ileum: Nutrient and bile acid absorption.
  • Differentiated Cells: The lining of the small intestine has specialized cells, which perform specific roles in digestion and absorption.
    • Enterocytes: Absorptive cells.
    • Goblet cells: Secrete mucus.
    • Paneth cells: Secrete antimicrobial peptides.
    • Enteroendocrine cells: Release hormones.
  • Large Intestine: The large intestine absorbs water and electrolytes and forms/stores feces until elimination.
    • specialized cells (colonocytes) carry out specific functions in the colon.

Accessory Organs of Digestion

  • Pancreas: Produces digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase, proteases) and bicarbonate for neutralizing stomach acid.
  • Liver: Produces bile to aid fat digestion and emulsification; involved in metabolism, detoxification, and nutrient storage.
  • Gallbladder: Stores bile produced by the liver. Releases it into the small intestine in response to fat presence.
  • Bile: Plays crucial role in fat emulsification and digestion. Its production and storage/release by the liver and gallbladder are key to digestion and absorption.

The Process of Absorption

  • Absorption primarily occurs in the small intestine.
  • Nutrients pass into the bloodstream or lymphatic system.
  • Carbohydrates: Absorbed as simple sugars directly into the bloodstream.
  • Proteins: Absorbed as amino acids and small peptides.
  • Fats: Absorbed as fatty acids and monoglycerides, reassembled into triglycerides in enterocytes and transported into the lymphatic system before entering the bloodstream.
  • Vitamins and minerals also absorbed.

Phases of Digestion

  • Cephalic phase: Digestive system prepares for food intake (smell/sight/taste stimulus).
  • Gastric phase: Stomach receives food and produces gastric juices (acid/enzymes) to break down proteins and fats.
  • Intestinal phase: The small intestine receives chyme, causing hormonal release to slow stomach emptying and regulate pancreatic and bile secretions, ensuring efficient nutrient digestion and absorption in the small intestine.

Hormones Involved in Digestion

  • Several hormones regulate digestion and appetite.
  • Leptin: Produced by adipose tissue, it signals the brain to reduce appetite.
  • Ghrelin: Produced primarily by the stomach, it stimulates appetite.
  • Gastrin: Secreted by the stomach to stimulate gastric acid production.
  • Secretin: Released by the small intestine when chyme is present in the small intestine to stimulate bicarbonate release.
  • Cholecystokinin (CCK): Released by the small intestine to stimulate bile and pancreatic enzyme release.

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR), Calories, and Body Mass Index (BMI)

  • BMR: The minimum amount of energy expended at rest to maintain basic functions.
  • Calories: Units of energy provided by food and drinks.
  • BMI: A measure of body fat based on height and weight.

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

  • [Provided in the document, answers are present for the questions included in this document.]

Clinical Cases

  • [Provided in the document, details on peptic ulcer disease and gallstones included. ]

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Digestive System Notes PDF

Description

This quiz covers the anatomy and physiology of the digestive system, including the gastrointestinal tract and supportive organs. Test your knowledge on how food is processed, absorbed, and the role of various organs in digestion.

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