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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of absorption in the digestive process?
What is the primary purpose of absorption in the digestive process?
Which body systems are primarily involved in the process of absorption?
Which body systems are primarily involved in the process of absorption?
What happens to digested food particles after absorption?
What happens to digested food particles after absorption?
Absorption occurs primarily in which part of the digestive system?
Absorption occurs primarily in which part of the digestive system?
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What is a consequence of insufficient absorption in the digestive system?
What is a consequence of insufficient absorption in the digestive system?
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What is one of the functions mentioned for the buffer in the oral cavity?
What is one of the functions mentioned for the buffer in the oral cavity?
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Which substance is specifically mentioned as being excreted through a certain route?
Which substance is specifically mentioned as being excreted through a certain route?
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What are the divisions of the stomach as mentioned in the content?
What are the divisions of the stomach as mentioned in the content?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the oral buffer?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the oral buffer?
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What part of the stomach is mentioned as a division?
What part of the stomach is mentioned as a division?
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What is the primary reason for the acidity of gastric juice?
What is the primary reason for the acidity of gastric juice?
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Which enzyme in gastric juice is primarily responsible for protein digestion?
Which enzyme in gastric juice is primarily responsible for protein digestion?
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How much gastric juice does the stomach secrete in a day?
How much gastric juice does the stomach secrete in a day?
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What is the typical pH range of gastric juice?
What is the typical pH range of gastric juice?
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Which of the following components is NOT found in gastric juice?
Which of the following components is NOT found in gastric juice?
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Study Notes
Digestive System
- Digestion is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller, absorbable ones.
- Absorption is the transfer of digested food into the bloodstream for use by body tissues.
- The digestive tract extends from the mouth to the anus.
- Glands such as salivary glands, liver, and pancreas produce digestive secretions.
- Digestive secretions include saliva, gastric secretions, bile, and pancreatic secretions.
Mouth & Buccal Cavity
- Digestion begins in the mouth with the help of 3 pairs of salivary glands.
- Parotid glands produce 20% of saliva.
- Submandibular glands produce 70% of saliva.
- Sublingual glands produce 10% of saliva.
- Saliva aids in digestion by acting on starch.
- Saliva lubricates food, aids in speech and oral cleaning.
- It helps to maintain a pH of 7.
- Saliva excretes harmful substances like lead.
Stomach
- The stomach is divided into fundus, body, and pylorus.
- It secretes gastric juice, a highly acidic fluid (pH 1-2) containing water, pepsinogen, lipase and mucous.
- Gastric juice activates pepsinogen to pepsin for protein digestion.
- It helps in iron and calcium absorption.
- Mucous protects the stomach lining from the acidic gastric juice.
Biliary System
- Bile, a yellow alkaline secretion, is produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder.
- Bile aids in fat digestion and absorption.
- Bile neutralizes the acidic gastric juice.
- Bile excretes cholesterol and bacteria.
- The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile.
Pancreas
- The pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine gland.
- The exocrine portion secretes pancreatic juice, an alkaline fluid aiding in digestion.
- Pancreatic juice contains water and proteolytic and lipolytic enzymes.
Small Intestine
- The small intestine is the primary site of nutrient absorption.
- Its structure (long villi) maximizes surface area for absorption.
Large Intestine
- The large intestine absorbs water from the digested food.
Control of GIT Activity
- The autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic) controls digestive system motility and secretions.
Renal System
- The renal system consists of two kidneys, each containing millions of nephrons.
- Nephrons are the functional and structural units of the kidneys.
- Kidneys maintain homeostasis by regulating blood pressure, water balance, and electrolytes.
- Kidneys excrete waste products like urea and creatinine.
- Renal failure leads to increased urea and creatinine.
Nervous System
- Anatomically, the nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
- Physiologically, the nervous system is divided into motor, sensory and autonomic.
Respiratory System
- Respiration involves taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide.
- Respiratory structures include the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
- Respiratory muscles (diaphragm and intercostals) drive breathing.
- The respiratory center in the brainstem controls respiration.
- Functions of respiration includes gas exchange, secretory function, and acid-base balance.
Cardiovascular System
- The heart's four chambers include two atria and two ventricles.
- Valves (tricuspid, mitral, pulmonary, and aortic) ensure one-way blood flow.
- The heart has two circuits: pulmonary (lungs) and systemic (body).
- The left ventricle is stronger than the right ventricle.
- The coronary artery supplies blood to the heart.
- Heart rate is typically 50-90 beats per minute.
- Factors affecting heart rate include emotions, exercise, sleep and temperature.
- Heart sounds result from the closure of heart valves.
Blood Vessels
- Arteries carry blood away from the heart (except pulmonary artery).
- Veins carry blood toward the heart (except pulmonary vein).
- Capillaries facilitate exchange between blood and tissues.
Arterial Blood Pressure
- Blood pressure is measured by systolic (contraction) and diastolic (relaxation) pressures.
- Key factors influencing blood pressure include heart contraction, blood volume, blood vessel resistance and elasticity.
- Factors affecting fluid exchange between blood and tissues include arterial pressure, permeability of capillaries and osmotic pressure of plasma proteins.
Edema
- Edema is swelling due to fluid buildup in tissues; causes include heart failure, kidney failure and increased permeability of capillaries.
Blood Physiology
- Blood is a red fluid (~5 liters in adults).
- Blood is composed of plasma (fluid) and cellular elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets).
Blood Functions
- Transport: oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, and waste.
- Regulation: blood temperature.
- Hemostasis: stopping bleeding.
- Defense: fighting infection.
Blood Groups
- ABO and Rh blood group systems are determined by antigens found on blood cells' surfaces.
- Each system has different blood groups which determine blood compatibility during transfusions.
White Blood Cells
- White blood cells (leukocytes) are part of the immune system, fighting infection and defending the body.
Hemostasis
- Prevents bleeding by constricting blood vessels, forming platelet plug and producing fibrin clot.
- Steps include vessel constriction, platelet aggregation to form plug, and blood clot formation.
Endocrine System
- An endocrine gland secretes hormones into the bloodstream for other organs.
- Endocrine glands lack ducts and deliver hormones into the blood for target cells.
Pituitary Gland
- The pituitary gland is located at the base of the skull and has two lobes (anterior and posterior).
- The anterior lobe produces hormones like growth hormone, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, and prolactin.
- The posterior lobe produces ADH (antidiuretic hormone) and oxytocin.
Thyroid Gland
- The thyroid gland is located in the neck, essential for growth and development.
- It produces hormones regulating metabolism.
- Issues with thyroid hormones can result in conditions such as hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.
Adrenal Gland
- The adrenal gland has two parts – the cortex and medulla.
- The cortex releases steroid hormones, such as cortisol (anti-inflammatory and controls blood glucose).
- The medulla secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline, vital in emergency situations.
Parathyroid Glands
- Four small glands located on the back of the thyroid.
- They produce parathyroid hormone to regulate the calcium level in the blood.
Pancreas
- The pancreas has endocrine and exocrine functions.
- The endocrine portion releases insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels.
- The exocrine portion releases digestive enzymes.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the digestive system, including the process of digestion and absorption. This quiz covers essential components, from the mouth to the stomach, and the roles of various glands and secretions involved. Enhance your understanding of how food is processed in the body.
