Questions and Answers
What is the function of the GI Tract?
Break down food, absorb nutrient molecules, and eliminate indigestible food.
What is another name for the GI Tract?
Alimentary Canal
What does the Alimentary Canal consist of?
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines.
What are the accessory digestive organs?
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What is ingestion?
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What is mechanical digestion?
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What is chemical digestion?
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What is propulsion?
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What is absorption?
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What is elimination?
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What is the difference between peristalsis and segmentation?
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What are the peritoneum structures?
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What is the peritoneal cavity?
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What does retroperitoneal mean?
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What are intraperitoneal organs?
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What is the structure and function of mesenteries?
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What are the four layers of the alimentary canal from lumen out?
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What is mucosa?
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What is submucosa?
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What is muscularis?
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What is serosa/adventitia?
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What are the two intrinsic nerve plexuses of the alimentary canal?
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What is the anatomical name for the mouth?
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What are the boundaries of the mouth cavity?
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What epithelial type lines the oral cavity?
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How does stratified squamous epithelium help withstand abrasion?
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What are the structures and functions of the lips and cheeks?
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What are the names of the muscles of the lips and cheeks?
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What is the red margin?
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What is the vestibule?
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What is the oral cavity?
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What is the labial frenulum?
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What is the hard palate?
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What is the soft palate?
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What are fauces?
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What is the function of the tongue?
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What type of muscle is the tongue made of?
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What is the intrinsic of tongue?
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What is the extrinsic of the tongue?
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What structure secures the tongue to the floor of the mouth?
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What are the three types of papillae on the tongue?
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Which papillae have taste buds?
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What is fungiform?
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What is circumvallate?
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What is filiform?
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What are the functions of the salivary glands?
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What are the three sets of salivary glands?
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Where is the parotid gland located?
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Where is the submandibular gland located?
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Where is the sublingual gland located?
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What is the composition of saliva and how much is produced each day?
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What does the enzyme amylase break down?
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What are the types of teeth?
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What is the function of incisors?
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What is the function of canines?
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What is the function of premolars and molars?
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What is the root of a tooth?
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What is the crown of a tooth?
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What is the neck of a tooth?
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What is dentin?
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What is pulp?
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What is enamel?
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What is cementum?
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What are periodontal ligaments?
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What is the gingival sulcus?
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What is the pulp cavity?
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What is the apical foramen?
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What is a root canal?
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What are the parts of the pharynx?
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What is the structure and function of the oropharynx and what kind of epithelium lines it?
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Describe the location and structure of the esophagus.
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What is the region of the stomach called where the esophagus joins?
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What is the name of the sphincter that controls entrance to the stomach from the esophagus?
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What are the characteristics of the esophagus?
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What is the digestive process that occurs from the mouth to the stomach?
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What is food called when it leaves the stomach?
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What is the fundus?
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What is the body of the stomach?
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What is the pyloric region?
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What is the greater curvature?
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What is the lesser curvature?
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What is the greater omentum?
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What is the lesser omentum?
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What is the muscularis layer of the stomach?
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What is the lining of the stomach?
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What is the structure and function of the gastric pits?
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What is the structure and function of the gastric glands?
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What is the function of rugae in the stomach?
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How does the stomach keep from digesting itself?
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What are the digestive activities in the stomach?
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What are the starting and ending structures of the small intestine?
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How do the bile duct and main pancreatic duct join the duodenum?
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What are the three subdivisions of the small intestine?
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How are the small intestines anchored to the abdomen?
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What structure modifications increase surface area in the small intestine?
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Describe the epithelial lining of the small intestine.
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What are Brunner's glands?
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What are the Crypts of Lieberkühn?
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Study Notes
General Function of the Digestive System
- The GI Tract facilitates breakdown of food, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of indigestible substances.
- Another term for the GI Tract is the Alimentary Canal.
Structure of the Alimentary Canal
- Composed of mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, and large intestines.
- Accessory digestive organs include teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
Digestive Processes
- Ingestion: Taking food into the mouth.
- Mechanical Digestion: Involves physical breakdown (chewing, churning, segmentation).
- Chemical Digestion: Breakdown of food using chemical substances like enzymes and acids.
- Propulsion: Movement of food, facilitated by swallowing and peristalsis.
- Absorption: Nutrients are transferred from the GI tract into the blood through the mucosa.
- Elimination: Removal of waste products via feces.
Motility Mechanisms
- Peristalsis: Wave-like muscle contractions move food in one direction.
- Segmentation: Muscle contractions mix food and facilitate further breakdown.
Peritoneum
- A double-layered serous membrane; one layer (parietal) lines the abdominal cavity, the other (visceral) covers certain organs.
- The peritoneal cavity, containing lubricating fluid, reduces friction between moving organs.
Organ Definitions
- Retroperitoneal Organs: Organs located behind the peritoneum (e.g., liver, kidneys, duodenum).
- Intraperitoneal Organs: Organs enclosed within peritoneal membranes.
Wall of the Alimentary Canal
-
Four Layers:
- Mucosa: Epithelial layer for protection and absorption.
- Submucosa: Contains blood vessels and nerve structures.
- Muscularis: Composed of smooth muscle for peristalsis and segmentation.
- Serosa/Adventitia: Outermost layer, serosa in visceral organs, adventitia in retroperitoneal organs.
Nervous Regulation
- Two intrinsic nerve plexuses within the alimentary canal regulate motility and respond to stimuli.
- Neurons are classified as enteric.
Oral Cavity
- Anatomically known as the oral or buccal cavity, bordered by lips, palate, tongue, and cheeks.
- Lined with stratified squamous epithelium, providing protection against abrasion.
Lips and Cheeks
- Composed of skeletal muscle, aiding in chewing and speech.
- Muscles include buccinators (cheeks) and orbicularis oris (lips).
Tongue Functionality
- A muscular organ aiding in chewing, bolus formation, speech, and swallowing.
- Contains intrinsic muscles (for shape changes) and extrinsic muscles (for movement).
Papillae of the Tongue
- Types: Fungiform, circumvallate, and filiform.
- Fungiform and circumvallate contain taste buds, while filiform provide friction.
Salivary Glands
- Three sets: Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands.
- Saliva consists mainly of water, mucus, ions, and immune molecules, producing 1-1.5 liters daily.
Teeth Structure
- Types: Incisors (nipping), canines (piercing), premolars and molars (grinding).
- Components include root (embedded), crown (visible), neck (constricted), dentin (bulk material), pulp (nerves and vessels), enamel (hardest tissue), and cementum (anchors tooth).
Pharynx and Esophagus
- Pharynx sections: Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
- The esophagus connects the pharynx to the stomach, measuring approximately 10 inches.
Stomach Anatomy and Function
- Regions: Fundus (superior), body (bulk), pyloric region (end).
- Lined with simple columnar epithelium; gastric pits secrete mucus for protection.
Digestive Activity in the Stomach
- Primarily involves mechanical churning and chemical digestion.
- Rugae facilitate expansion, mixing, and mechanical breakdown of food.
Small Intestines
- Starts at the pyloric valve, ends at the ileocecal valve.
- Divided into three segments: Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
- Increased surface area achieved through macroscopic folds, microscopic villi, and microvilli.
Glandular Functions in the Small Intestines
- Brunner glands in the duodenum secrete bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid.
- Crypts of Lieberkühn include enteroendocrine cells that secrete hormones.
These notes summarize key aspects of the digestive system, providing foundational knowledge for further study on its structure and functions.
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Test your knowledge of the digestive system with these flashcards. Each card covers different aspects such as the function of the GI tract, its components, and accessory digestive organs. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their learning about human anatomy.