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Digestive System Flashcards
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Digestive System Flashcards

Created by
@LavishDiopside625

Questions and Answers

Where does the process of segmentation occur?

  • Small intestine (correct)
  • Anus
  • Stomach
  • Esophagus

    • How would you classify chewing food?

  • Digestion
  • Ingestion
  • Mechanical breakdown (correct)
  • Propulsion

    • Which of the following is least involved in the mechanical breakdown of food, digestion, or absorption of nutrients?

  • The oral cavity
  • The small intestine
  • The esophagus (correct)
  • Large intestine

    • Which of the organs listed below is involved in all of the following processes: secretion, mechanical breakdown of food, digestion, and absorption?

    <p>The stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peristaltic waves are ________.

    <p>waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The major means of propulsion through the alimentary canal is peristalsis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to ________.

    <p>collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing in the liver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT describe a basic regulator of digestive control?

    <p>Conscious neural control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of saliva?

    <p>Saliva contains enzymes that begin the chemical breakdown of proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following inhibits salivation?

    <p>Being stressed or frightened</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the ducts of the submandibular salivary glands empty into the oral cavity?

    <p>The base of the lingual frenulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many total permanent teeth should an adult have, assuming none have been lost or removed?

    <p>32</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which teeth are best suited for cutting or nipping off pieces of food in the permanent dentition?

    <p>Incisors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Impacted wisdom teeth is a problem that is never observed in children because ______.

    <p>they lack third molar teeth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not true of saliva?

    <p>Contains acids which aid in chemical digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which digestive process does NOT occur in the mouth?

    <p>Segmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following are true of swallowing (deglutition) except one. Select the statement that is not true of swallowing.

    <p>The epiglottis assists in propelling food into the trachea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these structures is found in the stomach but nowhere else in the alimentary canal?

    <p>An oblique muscle layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the stomach adjoins the small intestine?

    <p>Pylorus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the __________ phase of gastric secretion, chyme is moved into the duodenum.

    <p>intestinal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One reason why reflux of gastric juice into the esophagus can cause a burning sensation is that the esophagus ______.

    <p>Secretes mucus that is not identical to stomach mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All but one of the following is a function of the low pH found in the stomach. Select the description below that does not reflect a role of stomach acid.

    <p>The stomach's acid catabolically breaks down foodstuffs in preparation for absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Select the one response below that would not result from a drug that blocks histamine receptors in the cells lining the stomach.

    <p>It would cause the release of secretin and cholecystokinin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pepsinogen, an inactive digestive enzyme, is secreted by the ________.

    <p>chief cells of the stomach.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chief cells ________.

    <p>Produce pepsinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vessel delivers nutrient-rich blood to the liver from the digestive tract?

    <p>Hepatic portal vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical activates the transformation of trypsinogen to trypsin?

    <p>Enteropeptidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major function of pancreatic juice?

    <p>Neutralizing chyme entering the small intestine from the stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pancreas secretes __________.

    <p>procarboxypeptidase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A doctor consulting a patient that recently has had their gall bladder removed would likely advise ________.

    <p>Eating foods that are low in fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kupffer cells are found in the liver and are responsible for removing bacteria and worn-out cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pancreas has both an endocrine and an exocrine function.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural modification of the small intestine slows the movement of chyme through the lumen?

    <p>Circular folds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these best describes a lacteal?

    <p>A lymphatic vessel designed to help introduce fats to the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ is the first segment of the small intestine.

    <p>duodenum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a structural modification of the small intestine that increases surface area?

    <p>Rugae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most absorption of nutrients occurs in the __________.

    <p>Jejunum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following propels food residue over large areas of the colon three to four times a day?

    <p>Mass movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary physiological function of the large intestine?

    <p>Water absorption and feces elimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the large intestine?

    <p>Production of intrinsic factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An effective way to medically treat diarrhea would be to use a drug that ______.

    <p>Inhibits the activity of the myenteric nerve plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A ruptured appendix is life threatening because ________.

    <p>It is likely to cause massive infection of the abdominopelvic cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an essential role played by large intestine bacteria?

    <p>Fermentation of indigestible carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbohydrates are digested into __________.

    <p>monosaccharides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bile salts bind at their hydrophobic regions to large fat globules within the chyme that enters the duodenum. Bile salts break up the fat globule into smaller fat droplets. This role of bile salts is best described as ________.

    <p>Lipid emulsification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    You have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. Which of the following enzymes will help to digest the meal?

    <p>Amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Select the correct statement about absorption.

    <p>In the rare case that intact, whole proteins are transported across the mucosal endothelium, an immune response may be generated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme(s) is/are responsible for the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates?

    <p>Amylases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are fats absorbed into the lymph?

    <p>In the form of chylomicrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which water-soluble vitamins are absorbed in the small intestines?

    <p>B complex and C vitamins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Segmentation and Mechanical Breakdown

    • Segmentation occurs in the small intestine, facilitating the mixing of food with digestive juices.
    • Chewing food is classified as mechanical breakdown, a crucial step in digestion.

    Esophagus and Stomach Functions

    • The esophagus is least involved in mechanical breakdown or nutrient absorption compared to other parts of the digestive system.
    • The stomach plays a role in secretion, mechanical breakdown, digestion, and absorption.

    Peristalsis and Propulsion

    • Peristaltic waves consist of muscular contractions that propel contents along the gastrointestinal tract, primarily through peristalsis.
    • The hepatic portal circulation collects absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing in the liver.

    Regulation of Digestive Control

    • Basic regulators of digestive control include smooth muscle, glands, pH, stretch, and osmolarity; conscious neural control is not a regulator.

    Saliva Functions

    • Saliva cleanses the mouth, moistens food, and helps form a bolus; it does not contain enzymes for protein breakdown.
    • Salivation can be inhibited by stress or fear rather than by food stimuli.

    Oral Cavity Anatomy

    • Ducts of the submandibular salivary glands empty into the oral cavity at the base of the lingual frenulum.
    • An adult typically has 32 permanent teeth, with incisors designed for cutting food.

    Wisdom Teeth and Saliva Composition

    • Impacted wisdom teeth do not occur in children as they do not have third molars.
    • Saliva does not contain acids to aid in chemical digestion.

    Gastric Functions and Secretions

    • Segmentation does not occur in the mouth; the mouth is involved in ingestion, mechanical breakdown, and digestion.
    • The stomach contains an oblique muscle layer, making it unique compared to the rest of the alimentary canal.

    Gastric Acid Role

    • The stomach's low pH activates pepsinogen to pepsin and helps prevent bacterial entry into the small intestine.

    Pancreatic and Liver Functions

    • The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions, producing procarboxypeptidase that aids in digestion.
    • The hepatic portal vein delivers nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract to the liver.
    • Enteropeptidase activates trypsinogen into trypsin, playing a vital role in protein digestion.

    Small Intestine Absorption

    • The small intestine's circular folds slow down chyme movement, maximizing nutrient absorption.
    • Most nutrient absorption occurs in the jejunum.

    Large Intestine Functions

    • The large intestine primarily absorbs water and eliminates feces; it is not involved in intrinsic factor production.
    • Mass movement propels food residue in the colon several times daily, facilitating elimination.

    Carbohydrate and Fat Digestion

    • Carbohydrates are digested into monosaccharides; lipids are emulsified by bile salts, breaking fat globules into smaller droplets.
    • Amylase is the enzyme responsible for breaking down complex carbohydrates.

    Nutrient Absorption and Vitamins

    • Nutrients are absorbed in various forms; fats are absorbed into the lymph as chylomicrons.
    • Water-soluble vitamins B complex and C are absorbed in the small intestine.

    Miscellaneous

    • Kupffer cells in the liver remove bacteria and worn-out cells, functioning as part of the immune response.
    • Medically treating diarrhea might involve inhibiting the myenteric nerve plexus activity to slow intestinal movement.
    • A ruptured appendix leads to potential life-threatening infections within the abdominal cavity.

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    Test your knowledge of the digestive system with these flashcards. Each card will challenge you with questions about processes like segmentation, mechanical breakdown, and more. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of digestion.

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