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Questions and Answers
Where does the process of segmentation occur?
Where does the process of segmentation occur?
How would you classify chewing food?
How would you classify chewing food?
Which of the following is least involved in the mechanical breakdown of food, digestion, or absorption of nutrients?
Which of the following is least involved in the mechanical breakdown of food, digestion, or absorption of nutrients?
Which of the organs listed below is involved in all of the following processes: secretion, mechanical breakdown of food, digestion, and absorption?
Which of the organs listed below is involved in all of the following processes: secretion, mechanical breakdown of food, digestion, and absorption?
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Peristaltic waves are ________.
Peristaltic waves are ________.
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The major means of propulsion through the alimentary canal is peristalsis.
The major means of propulsion through the alimentary canal is peristalsis.
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The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to ________.
The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to ________.
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Which of the following does NOT describe a basic regulator of digestive control?
Which of the following does NOT describe a basic regulator of digestive control?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of saliva?
Which of the following is NOT a function of saliva?
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Which of the following inhibits salivation?
Which of the following inhibits salivation?
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Where do the ducts of the submandibular salivary glands empty into the oral cavity?
Where do the ducts of the submandibular salivary glands empty into the oral cavity?
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How many total permanent teeth should an adult have, assuming none have been lost or removed?
How many total permanent teeth should an adult have, assuming none have been lost or removed?
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Which teeth are best suited for cutting or nipping off pieces of food in the permanent dentition?
Which teeth are best suited for cutting or nipping off pieces of food in the permanent dentition?
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Impacted wisdom teeth is a problem that is never observed in children because ______.
Impacted wisdom teeth is a problem that is never observed in children because ______.
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Which of the following is not true of saliva?
Which of the following is not true of saliva?
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Which digestive process does NOT occur in the mouth?
Which digestive process does NOT occur in the mouth?
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All of the following are true of swallowing (deglutition) except one. Select the statement that is not true of swallowing.
All of the following are true of swallowing (deglutition) except one. Select the statement that is not true of swallowing.
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Which of these structures is found in the stomach but nowhere else in the alimentary canal?
Which of these structures is found in the stomach but nowhere else in the alimentary canal?
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Which area of the stomach adjoins the small intestine?
Which area of the stomach adjoins the small intestine?
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In the __________ phase of gastric secretion, chyme is moved into the duodenum.
In the __________ phase of gastric secretion, chyme is moved into the duodenum.
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One reason why reflux of gastric juice into the esophagus can cause a burning sensation is that the esophagus ______.
One reason why reflux of gastric juice into the esophagus can cause a burning sensation is that the esophagus ______.
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All but one of the following is a function of the low pH found in the stomach. Select the description below that does not reflect a role of stomach acid.
All but one of the following is a function of the low pH found in the stomach. Select the description below that does not reflect a role of stomach acid.
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Select the one response below that would not result from a drug that blocks histamine receptors in the cells lining the stomach.
Select the one response below that would not result from a drug that blocks histamine receptors in the cells lining the stomach.
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Pepsinogen, an inactive digestive enzyme, is secreted by the ________.
Pepsinogen, an inactive digestive enzyme, is secreted by the ________.
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Chief cells ________.
Chief cells ________.
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Which vessel delivers nutrient-rich blood to the liver from the digestive tract?
Which vessel delivers nutrient-rich blood to the liver from the digestive tract?
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Which chemical activates the transformation of trypsinogen to trypsin?
Which chemical activates the transformation of trypsinogen to trypsin?
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What is a major function of pancreatic juice?
What is a major function of pancreatic juice?
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The pancreas secretes __________.
The pancreas secretes __________.
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A doctor consulting a patient that recently has had their gall bladder removed would likely advise ________.
A doctor consulting a patient that recently has had their gall bladder removed would likely advise ________.
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Kupffer cells are found in the liver and are responsible for removing bacteria and worn-out cells.
Kupffer cells are found in the liver and are responsible for removing bacteria and worn-out cells.
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The pancreas has both an endocrine and an exocrine function.
The pancreas has both an endocrine and an exocrine function.
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What structural modification of the small intestine slows the movement of chyme through the lumen?
What structural modification of the small intestine slows the movement of chyme through the lumen?
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Which of these best describes a lacteal?
Which of these best describes a lacteal?
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The __________ is the first segment of the small intestine.
The __________ is the first segment of the small intestine.
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Which of the following is NOT a structural modification of the small intestine that increases surface area?
Which of the following is NOT a structural modification of the small intestine that increases surface area?
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Most absorption of nutrients occurs in the __________.
Most absorption of nutrients occurs in the __________.
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Which of the following propels food residue over large areas of the colon three to four times a day?
Which of the following propels food residue over large areas of the colon three to four times a day?
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Which of the following is the primary physiological function of the large intestine?
Which of the following is the primary physiological function of the large intestine?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the large intestine?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the large intestine?
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An effective way to medically treat diarrhea would be to use a drug that ______.
An effective way to medically treat diarrhea would be to use a drug that ______.
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A ruptured appendix is life threatening because ________.
A ruptured appendix is life threatening because ________.
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Which of the following is an essential role played by large intestine bacteria?
Which of the following is an essential role played by large intestine bacteria?
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Carbohydrates are digested into __________.
Carbohydrates are digested into __________.
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Bile salts bind at their hydrophobic regions to large fat globules within the chyme that enters the duodenum. Bile salts break up the fat globule into smaller fat droplets. This role of bile salts is best described as ________.
Bile salts bind at their hydrophobic regions to large fat globules within the chyme that enters the duodenum. Bile salts break up the fat globule into smaller fat droplets. This role of bile salts is best described as ________.
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You have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. Which of the following enzymes will help to digest the meal?
You have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. Which of the following enzymes will help to digest the meal?
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Select the correct statement about absorption.
Select the correct statement about absorption.
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Which enzyme(s) is/are responsible for the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates?
Which enzyme(s) is/are responsible for the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates?
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How are fats absorbed into the lymph?
How are fats absorbed into the lymph?
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Which water-soluble vitamins are absorbed in the small intestines?
Which water-soluble vitamins are absorbed in the small intestines?
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Study Notes
Segmentation and Mechanical Breakdown
- Segmentation occurs in the small intestine, facilitating the mixing of food with digestive juices.
- Chewing food is classified as mechanical breakdown, a crucial step in digestion.
Esophagus and Stomach Functions
- The esophagus is least involved in mechanical breakdown or nutrient absorption compared to other parts of the digestive system.
- The stomach plays a role in secretion, mechanical breakdown, digestion, and absorption.
Peristalsis and Propulsion
- Peristaltic waves consist of muscular contractions that propel contents along the gastrointestinal tract, primarily through peristalsis.
- The hepatic portal circulation collects absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing in the liver.
Regulation of Digestive Control
- Basic regulators of digestive control include smooth muscle, glands, pH, stretch, and osmolarity; conscious neural control is not a regulator.
Saliva Functions
- Saliva cleanses the mouth, moistens food, and helps form a bolus; it does not contain enzymes for protein breakdown.
- Salivation can be inhibited by stress or fear rather than by food stimuli.
Oral Cavity Anatomy
- Ducts of the submandibular salivary glands empty into the oral cavity at the base of the lingual frenulum.
- An adult typically has 32 permanent teeth, with incisors designed for cutting food.
Wisdom Teeth and Saliva Composition
- Impacted wisdom teeth do not occur in children as they do not have third molars.
- Saliva does not contain acids to aid in chemical digestion.
Gastric Functions and Secretions
- Segmentation does not occur in the mouth; the mouth is involved in ingestion, mechanical breakdown, and digestion.
- The stomach contains an oblique muscle layer, making it unique compared to the rest of the alimentary canal.
Gastric Acid Role
- The stomach's low pH activates pepsinogen to pepsin and helps prevent bacterial entry into the small intestine.
Pancreatic and Liver Functions
- The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions, producing procarboxypeptidase that aids in digestion.
- The hepatic portal vein delivers nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract to the liver.
- Enteropeptidase activates trypsinogen into trypsin, playing a vital role in protein digestion.
Small Intestine Absorption
- The small intestine's circular folds slow down chyme movement, maximizing nutrient absorption.
- Most nutrient absorption occurs in the jejunum.
Large Intestine Functions
- The large intestine primarily absorbs water and eliminates feces; it is not involved in intrinsic factor production.
- Mass movement propels food residue in the colon several times daily, facilitating elimination.
Carbohydrate and Fat Digestion
- Carbohydrates are digested into monosaccharides; lipids are emulsified by bile salts, breaking fat globules into smaller droplets.
- Amylase is the enzyme responsible for breaking down complex carbohydrates.
Nutrient Absorption and Vitamins
- Nutrients are absorbed in various forms; fats are absorbed into the lymph as chylomicrons.
- Water-soluble vitamins B complex and C are absorbed in the small intestine.
Miscellaneous
- Kupffer cells in the liver remove bacteria and worn-out cells, functioning as part of the immune response.
- Medically treating diarrhea might involve inhibiting the myenteric nerve plexus activity to slow intestinal movement.
- A ruptured appendix leads to potential life-threatening infections within the abdominal cavity.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge of the digestive system with these flashcards. Each card will challenge you with questions about processes like segmentation, mechanical breakdown, and more. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of digestion.
