Digestive System Development and Disorders
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary cause of esophageal atresia?

  • Hypertrophy of the submucosal layer
  • Excessive proliferation of muscle tissue
  • Abnormal tracheoesophageal septum development
  • Failure of recanalization (correct)

    • Which of the following is a common sign of esophageal atresia in newborns?

  • Difficulty breathing from birth
  • Fluid returning through the nose and mouth (correct)
  • Immediate weight loss after birth
  • Persistent vomiting

    • What is a potential complication of tracheoesophageal fistula?

  • Decreased appetite
  • Intestinal blockage
  • Increased salivation and mucus (correct)
  • Low birth weight

    • What condition can result from the narrowing of the esophageal lumen?

    <p>Esophageal stenosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is polyhydramnios indicative of during pregnancy?

    <p>Inability of the fetus to swallow amniotic fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical structure is primarily involved in tracheoesophageal fistula?

    <p>The trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to gastric contents in a newborn with tracheoesophageal fistula?

    <p>They can enter the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer is NOT part of the intestinal tract structure?

    <p>Lamina propria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition may arise if there are intestinal contents remaining after the umbilical area closes?

    <p>Persistent Umbilical Hernia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the jejunum begin in the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>At the duodenojejunal flexure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding gastroschisis?

    <p>It involves massive evisceration of the intestines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic that distinguishes duodenal atresia from duodenal stenosis?

    <p>Duodenal atresia results in no lumen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which section of the small intestine is primarily located in the right lower quadrant (RLQ)?

    <p>Ileum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which weeks of fetal development does duodenal stenosis typically occur?

    <p>5th to 6th week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the 11th week of fetal development regarding intestinal rotation?

    <p>Intestinal rotation returns to the cavity with another 90 degrees counterclockwise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical structure connects with the foregut to form the bile duct?

    <p>Hepatic diverticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is commonly indicated by the presence of the 'double bubble sign'?

    <p>Duodenal atresia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which embryonic structure first appears during the development of the pancreas?

    <p>Dorsal pancreatic bud</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what point does the umbilical area typically close after birth?

    <p>5-15 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically occurs soon after birth in cases of congenital biliary obstruction?

    <p>Severe jaundice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the union of the dorsal and ventral pancreatic ducts?

    <p>Formation of the main pancreatic duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage of development does the main pancreatic and common bile ducts unite?

    <p>6th week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is formed by the union of the right and left hepatic ducts?

    <p>Common hepatic duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of biliary atresia involves atresia of the common bile duct only?

    <p>Type I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of failure in bile duct canalization that starts at the 5th week of development?

    <p>Obstruction leading to jaundice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is carried dorsally with the bile duct during duodenal rotation?

    <p>Ventral pancreatic bud</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may happen to the proximal part of the dorsal pancreatic duct during development?

    <p>It may persist as an accessory pancreatic duct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which week range does the pancreatic ductal development primarily occur?

    <p>5th – 8th weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of biliary atresia involves the atresia of the common bile duct, cystic duct, and hepatic ducts up to the porta hepatis?

    <p>Type III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is present in over 90% of patients with biliary atresia?

    <p>Extrahepatic biliary atresia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical structure is formed by the dorsal pancreatic bud?

    <p>Body and tail of the pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies blood to the dorsal pancreatic bud?

    <p>Celiac artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely consequence of an annular pancreas?

    <p>Complete obstruction of the duodenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which week does physiologic herniation occur during midgut development?

    <p>6th week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During intestinal development, what is the direction of the rotation of the midgut?

    <p>90 degrees counterclockwise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the gastrointestinal tract is predominantly supplied by the superior mesenteric artery?

    <p>Cecum and ascending colon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the appendix during the rotation of the midgut?

    <p>It ends up on the right side of the abdomen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is suggested by the symptoms of fever, vomiting, abdominal pain, and bright red blood in stool for a 2 y/o boy?

    <p>Meckel's diverticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anatomical location of Meckel's diverticulum?

    <p>Right lower quadrant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the cloaca is true?

    <p>It only contributes to the urogenital system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases of right lower quadrant pain in newborns, which condition should be ruled out first?

    <p>Acute appendicitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What artery supplies the inferior rectal artery?

    <p>Internal pudendal artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Microscopic HSB Learning Objectives

    • Discuss the development of the digestive system
    • Enumerate the derivatives of the primitive gut (foregut, midgut, hindgut)
    • Discuss common congenital anomalies arising from abnormal digestive system development

    Case 1

    • A 2-year-old boy presented with fever, vomiting, and abdominal pain, worsening over 12 hours.
    • His stool and diapers were blood-stained.
    • Hemoglobin and hematocrit were low, indicating anemia.
    • Abdominal X-ray revealed a bowel obstruction linked to an abnormal intestinal outpouching connected to the anterior abdominal wall.

    Case 2

    • A newborn developed abdominal distention and bile-containing vomit within 24 hours after birth.
    • Meconium (first stool) was not passed.
    • Physical examination at birth was normal.

    Primitive Gut

    • Formed by incorporating the dorsal part of the yolk sac into the embryo during the fourth week of development.
    • Involves cranial and lateral folding.

    Esophagus

    • Initially a single tube, later divided into esophagus and trachea by the tracheoesophageal septum.
    • The septum divides at the 6th week.
    • Failure of recanalization might lead to esophageal atresia.

    Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula (TEF)

    • Esophageal atresia: failure of the esophagus to form a continuous tube.
    • TEF: abnormal connection between the trachea and esophagus.
    • Symptoms like polyhydramnios (excess amniotic fluid) and difficulty swallowing are common.
    • TEF is often associated with esophageal atresia.

    Stomach Development

    • The stomach undergoes a 90-degree clockwise rotation during its development.
    • The dorsal part grows faster than the ventral part, which creates the greater and lesser curvatures.

    Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis

    • Thickening of the pyloric muscle in the stomach, leading to a narrow pyloric lumen.
    • Results in projectile vomiting after feedings.
    • A palpable mass can be felt at the right costal margin.

    Duodenum Development

    • The duodenum arises from the foregut and midgut.
    • The upper duodenum is part of the foregut, and the lower is part of the midgut.
    • Duodenal atresia (absence of a lumen) and stenosis (narrowing of the lumen) are possible congenital anomalies.
    • Double bubble sign in abdominal X-rays can indicate duodenal atresia.

    Liver Development

    • The liver arises from the foregut.
    • The hepatic diverticulum grows into the surrounding mesoderm, becoming the liver and gallbladder.

    Biliary Atresia

    • Different types: Involves the common bile duct and/or the other ducts.
    • Causes jaundice in infants.

    Pancreas Development

    • Arises from dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds.
    • The dorsal bud appears first, and the ventral bud fuses with it.
    • Possible anomalies include pancreas divisum (two pancreatic ducts) and annular pancreas (pancreas encircles the duodenum).

    Intestinal Loop Development

    • The midgut loop initially extends into the umbilical cord.
    • During the 6th week, the loop returns to the abdominal cavity.
    • 90-degree counterclockwise rotation further positions the midgut in the abdomen.

    Umbilical Hernia

    • Protrusion of abdominal contents into the umbilical area.
    • Normally closes by 5-15 weeks.

    Omphalocele

    • Herniation of abdominal contents into the umbilical cord, enclosed by a protective sac.

    Gastroschisis

    • Abdominal wall defect, resulting in the extrusion of abdominal organs outside the abdominal wall, with no covering sac.

    Imperforate Anus

    • Failure of anal membrane to rupture during fetal development.
    • Usually associated with other abnormalities and may require surgery.

    Hirschsprung's Disease

    • Absence of nerve cells in the colon, leading to functional obstruction.
    • Can range from mild abnormalities to severe issues at birth.

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    Related Documents

    HSB Development of Digestive System PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the development of the digestive system, focusing on its embryological origins and the derivatives of the primitive gut. It also addresses common congenital anomalies, illustrated through clinical case studies of pediatric patients with digestive issues. Test your understanding of these critical developmental processes and their implications.

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