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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of the digestive system?
What is the main function of the digestive system?
Which organ is primarily responsible for producing bile?
Which organ is primarily responsible for producing bile?
What are the end products of protein digestion?
What are the end products of protein digestion?
Which part of the digestive system is responsible for absorbing most of the nutrients?
Which part of the digestive system is responsible for absorbing most of the nutrients?
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What is the function of the salivary glands in digestion?
What is the function of the salivary glands in digestion?
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Which metabolic process involves the breakdown of complex molecules to release energy?
Which metabolic process involves the breakdown of complex molecules to release energy?
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What is a positive nitrogen balance?
What is a positive nitrogen balance?
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Which type of vitamins are absorbed with water and not stored in the body?
Which type of vitamins are absorbed with water and not stored in the body?
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What is the main function of most vitamins?
What is the main function of most vitamins?
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What is the function of the mouth in the digestive system?
What is the function of the mouth in the digestive system?
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Which of the following statements is true about vitamin D?
Which of the following statements is true about vitamin D?
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Which type of epithelium lines the walls of the mouth?
Which type of epithelium lines the walls of the mouth?
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What is the general rule of thumb for daily protein intake based on body weight for those over 19 years old?
What is the general rule of thumb for daily protein intake based on body weight for those over 19 years old?
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What muscle forms the lips in the oral cavity?
What muscle forms the lips in the oral cavity?
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Which situation would result in a negative nitrogen balance?
Which situation would result in a negative nitrogen balance?
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Which part of the palate forms the roof of the mouth?
Which part of the palate forms the roof of the mouth?
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What is the function of the uvula in the oral cavity?
What is the function of the uvula in the oral cavity?
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Where are the palatine tonsils located?
Where are the palatine tonsils located?
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Which enzyme breaks down starch or glycogen in the pancreas?
Which enzyme breaks down starch or glycogen in the pancreas?
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What are the end products when lactose, maltose, and sucrose are broken down further?
What are the end products when lactose, maltose, and sucrose are broken down further?
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In protein digestion, what breaks down dipeptides into amino acids?
In protein digestion, what breaks down dipeptides into amino acids?
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How are amino acids absorbed in digestion?
How are amino acids absorbed in digestion?
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What aids in the digestion of fats by breaking large fat globules into smaller ones?
What aids in the digestion of fats by breaking large fat globules into smaller ones?
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What happens if fats do not have a Micelle for digestion?
What happens if fats do not have a Micelle for digestion?
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What is the process of moving substances from the lumen of the gut into the body called?
What is the process of moving substances from the lumen of the gut into the body called?
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Which muscle contracts to lift the anal canal superiorly during defecation?
Which muscle contracts to lift the anal canal superiorly during defecation?
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What is the first step of starch digestion in the intestine?
What is the first step of starch digestion in the intestine?
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Which maneuver involves closing of the glottis, contraction of diaphragm, and abdominal wall muscles to increase intra-abdominal pressure?
Which maneuver involves closing of the glottis, contraction of diaphragm, and abdominal wall muscles to increase intra-abdominal pressure?
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What type of process breaks down ingested foods into their chemical building blocks?
What type of process breaks down ingested foods into their chemical building blocks?
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Which process involves adding water to break chemical bonds during digestion?
Which process involves adding water to break chemical bonds during digestion?
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Study Notes
Digestive System
- The digestive system's main functions are to take in food, break it down into nutrient molecules, absorb molecules into the bloodstream, and rid the body of indigestible remains.
Mouth and Associated Organs
- The mouth, also called the oral cavity, is where food is chewed and mixed with enzyme-containing saliva that begins the process of digestion, and swallowing is initiated.
- Associated organs include the mouth, tongue, salivary glands, and teeth.
Structure of the Mouth
- The mouth is bounded by lips, cheeks, palate, and tongue.
- The oral orifice is the anterior opening.
- The walls of the mouth are lined with stratified squamous epithelium, which are tough cells that resist abrasion.
- The cells of the gums, hard palate, and part of the tongue are keratinized for extra protection.
Palate
- The palate forms the roof of the mouth and has two distinct parts: the hard palate (anterior) and the soft palate.
- The hard palate is formed by palatine bones and palatine mucosa, which is slightly corrugated to help create friction against the tongue.
- The soft palate is a fold formed mostly of skeletal muscle that closes off the nasopharynx during swallowing.
- The palatine tonsils are located in the soft palate, and the uvula is a fingerlike projection that faces downward from the free edge of the soft palate.
Digestive Processes in the Large Intestine
- Defecation is assisted by Valsalva's maneuver, which includes closing the glottis, contracting the diaphragm and abdominal wall muscles, and contracting the levator ani muscle to lift the anal canal superiorly and allow feces to leave the body.
Mechanisms of Digestion and Absorption
- Digestion breaks down ingested foods into their chemical building blocks, which are then absorbed across the wall of the small intestine.
- Enzymes carry out hydrolysis, adding water to break chemical bonds.
- Absorption is the process of moving substances from the lumen of the gut into the body.
Processing of Nutrients
- Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth with salivary amylase and is further broken down into lactose, maltose, and sucrose in the intestine.
- Proteins are broken down into amino acids, which are then absorbed via active transport with Na+ and/or facilitated diffusion.
- Lipids need pretreatment with bile salts to break large fat globules into smaller ones, aided by a Micelle, and can be absorbed via diffusion or active transport.
Proteins
- Proteins can have a positive nitrogen balance (protein synthesis exceeds breakdown) or a negative nitrogen balance (protein breakdown exceeds synthesis).
- The daily protein requirement is approximately 0.8 g per kg body weight for adults over 19 years old.
Vitamins and Minerals
- Vitamins are organic compounds crucial for the body's use of nutrients, functioning as coenzymes, and must be ingested, except for vitamin D and some B and K vitamins synthesized by intestinal bacteria.
- There are two types of vitamins based on solubility: water-soluble vitamins (B complex and C) and fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K).
- Vitamin deficiencies can cause health problems, and excessive consumption can also lead to health issues.
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Description
This quiz covers the final steps of the digestive process in the large intestine, focusing on defecation. It includes details on how muscles in the rectum contract, the Valsalva's maneuver, and the role of the levator ani muscle in expelling feces from the body.