Large Intestine Quiz: Digestive Processes and Defecation

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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of the digestive system?

Control muscle movement

Regulate body temperature

Break down food into nutrient molecules (correct)

Produce blood cells

Which organ is primarily responsible for producing bile?

Pancreas

Stomach

Liver (correct)

Gall bladder

What are the end products of protein digestion?

Amino acids (correct)

Nucleotides

Simple sugars

Fatty acids and glycerol

Which part of the digestive system is responsible for absorbing most of the nutrients?

Small intestine Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the salivary glands in digestion?

Produce enzymes that begin carbohydrate digestion Signup and view all the answers

Which metabolic process involves the breakdown of complex molecules to release energy?

Catabolism Signup and view all the answers

What is a positive nitrogen balance?

Protein synthesis exceeds breakdown Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vitamins are absorbed with water and not stored in the body?

Vitamin C Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of most vitamins?

Act as coenzymes Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the mouth in the digestive system?

Mixing food with enzyme-containing saliva for digestion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about vitamin D?

Synthesized by the body Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelium lines the walls of the mouth?

Stratified squamous epithelium Signup and view all the answers

What is the general rule of thumb for daily protein intake based on body weight for those over 19 years old?

$0.8g/kg$ body weight Signup and view all the answers

What muscle forms the lips in the oral cavity?

Buccinator muscle Signup and view all the answers

Which situation would result in a negative nitrogen balance?

Stress and burns Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the palate forms the roof of the mouth?

Hard palate Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the uvula in the oral cavity?

Control during swallowing Signup and view all the answers

Where are the palatine tonsils located?

Soft palate Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme breaks down starch or glycogen in the pancreas?

Pancreatic amylase Signup and view all the answers

What are the end products when lactose, maltose, and sucrose are broken down further?

Monosaccharides Signup and view all the answers

In protein digestion, what breaks down dipeptides into amino acids?

Brush border enzymes Signup and view all the answers

How are amino acids absorbed in digestion?

Active transport with Na+ Signup and view all the answers

What aids in the digestion of fats by breaking large fat globules into smaller ones?

Micelle Signup and view all the answers

What happens if fats do not have a Micelle for digestion?

They will float on top of chyme and not be absorbed Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of moving substances from the lumen of the gut into the body called?

Absorption Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle contracts to lift the anal canal superiorly during defecation?

Levator ani Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step of starch digestion in the intestine?

Salivary amylase breaks down starch Signup and view all the answers

Which maneuver involves closing of the glottis, contraction of diaphragm, and abdominal wall muscles to increase intra-abdominal pressure?

Valsalva's maneuver Signup and view all the answers

What type of process breaks down ingested foods into their chemical building blocks?

Digestion Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves adding water to break chemical bonds during digestion?

Hydrolysis Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Digestive System

The digestive system's main functions are to take in food, break it down into nutrient molecules, absorb molecules into the bloodstream, and rid the body of indigestible remains.

Mouth and Associated Organs

The mouth, also called the oral cavity, is where food is chewed and mixed with enzyme-containing saliva that begins the process of digestion, and swallowing is initiated.
Associated organs include the mouth, tongue, salivary glands, and teeth.

Structure of the Mouth

The mouth is bounded by lips, cheeks, palate, and tongue.
The oral orifice is the anterior opening.
The walls of the mouth are lined with stratified squamous epithelium, which are tough cells that resist abrasion.
The cells of the gums, hard palate, and part of the tongue are keratinized for extra protection.

Palate

The palate forms the roof of the mouth and has two distinct parts: the hard palate (anterior) and the soft palate.
The hard palate is formed by palatine bones and palatine mucosa, which is slightly corrugated to help create friction against the tongue.
The soft palate is a fold formed mostly of skeletal muscle that closes off the nasopharynx during swallowing.
The palatine tonsils are located in the soft palate, and the uvula is a fingerlike projection that faces downward from the free edge of the soft palate.

Digestive Processes in the Large Intestine

Defecation is assisted by Valsalva's maneuver, which includes closing the glottis, contracting the diaphragm and abdominal wall muscles, and contracting the levator ani muscle to lift the anal canal superiorly and allow feces to leave the body.

Mechanisms of Digestion and Absorption

Digestion breaks down ingested foods into their chemical building blocks, which are then absorbed across the wall of the small intestine.
Enzymes carry out hydrolysis, adding water to break chemical bonds.
Absorption is the process of moving substances from the lumen of the gut into the body.

Processing of Nutrients

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth with salivary amylase and is further broken down into lactose, maltose, and sucrose in the intestine.
Proteins are broken down into amino acids, which are then absorbed via active transport with Na+ and/or facilitated diffusion.
Lipids need pretreatment with bile salts to break large fat globules into smaller ones, aided by a Micelle, and can be absorbed via diffusion or active transport.

Proteins

Proteins can have a positive nitrogen balance (protein synthesis exceeds breakdown) or a negative nitrogen balance (protein breakdown exceeds synthesis).
The daily protein requirement is approximately 0.8 g per kg body weight for adults over 19 years old.

Vitamins and Minerals

Vitamins are organic compounds crucial for the body's use of nutrients, functioning as coenzymes, and must be ingested, except for vitamin D and some B and K vitamins synthesized by intestinal bacteria.
There are two types of vitamins based on solubility: water-soluble vitamins (B complex and C) and fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K).
Vitamin deficiencies can cause health problems, and excessive consumption can also lead to health issues.

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Description

This quiz covers the final steps of the digestive process in the large intestine, focusing on defecation. It includes details on how muscles in the rectum contract, the Valsalva's maneuver, and the role of the levator ani muscle in expelling feces from the body.

Digestive Processes in the Large Intestine: Defecation