Questions and Answers
What connects amino acids in a protein?
Which of the following defines a disaccharide?
What are the three major components of a nucleotide?
What type of molecule primarily consists of glycerol and fatty acids?
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What is the sugar component called in nucleic acids?
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Which of the following is a basic sugar unit?
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How many fatty acid tails are present in a triglyceride?
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What is the process called that breaks down macromolecules for absorption?
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What is the role of peptidases in protein digestion?
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What must happen to trypsinogen before it can function as an enzyme?
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Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down lactose in carbohydrates?
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What can result from the loss of lactase due to inflammation in the duodenum?
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Which type of bond does amylase help to break down?
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Nucleosidases are specifically responsible for breaking which type of bond?
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What is the main function of bile secreted by the liver and gall bladder in digestion?
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After carbohydrate digestion, the basic unit that is primarily absorbed is called?
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What happens to chymotrypsinogen before it can effectively break peptide bonds?
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Which of the following enzymes is involved in breaking down glycosidic bonds?
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Study Notes
Digestion Process and Macromolecules
- Digestion involves breaking down four major macromolecules: proteins, carbohydrates, nucleotides, and fats.
Proteins
- Comprised of chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
- Enzymes called peptidases, present at the brush border of the intestines, break peptide bonds.
- The pancreas secretes inactive forms of enzymes: trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen, which require activation.
- Enteropeptidase, from the brush border, activates trypsin and chymotrypsin, allowing them to further digest proteins into amino acids for absorption.
Carbohydrates
- Made of repeating units of simple sugars.
- Single sugars are monosaccharides, two are disaccharides (e.g., lactose), and multiple sugars are polysaccharides.
- Amylase secreted by the pancreas helps break glycosidic bonds in carbohydrates.
- Brush border enzymes, such as lactase, are specific for breaking down disaccharides like lactose.
- Lactose intolerance can occur temporarily when inflamed duodenum walls reduce lactase production.
Nucleotides
- Form nucleic acids like DNA and consist of a phosphate group, ribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base (e.g., adenine, guanine).
- Nucleosidases at the brush border isolate the base from the nucleoside by cleaving bonds, leaving the ribose sugar attached to a phosphate group.
Fats
- Composed of a glycerol head attached to three fatty acids.
- Bile from the liver and gall bladder emulsifies fats, aiding in their breakdown.
- Lipase, produced by the pancreas, breaks down fats by cleaving fatty acids from the triglyceride, leaving distinct fatty acid chains.
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Description
Explore the fascinating process of digestion with a focus on the duodenum and the four major macromolecules that constitute our body. This quiz covers the essentials of proteins, carbohydrates, and more, highlighting their roles and interactions in digestion.
