Digestion Process and Duodenum Overview
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Questions and Answers

What connects amino acids in a protein?

  • Peptide bond (correct)
  • Covalent bond
  • Ionic bond
  • Hydrogen bond
  • Which of the following defines a disaccharide?

  • A complex protein
  • Two simple sugars linked together (correct)
  • Multiple sugar units
  • A single sugar
  • What are the three major components of a nucleotide?

  • Simple sugars, polysaccharides, lipids
  • Amino acids, peptides, fats
  • Triglycerol, fatty acids, glucose
  • Phosphate group, ribose sugar, nitrogenous base (correct)
  • What type of molecule primarily consists of glycerol and fatty acids?

    <p>Fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sugar component called in nucleic acids?

    <p>Ribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a basic sugar unit?

    <p>Monosaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many fatty acid tails are present in a triglyceride?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called that breaks down macromolecules for absorption?

    <p>Digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of peptidases in protein digestion?

    <p>To break peptide bonds in proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must happen to trypsinogen before it can function as an enzyme?

    <p>It must undergo a cleavage to become trypsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down lactose in carbohydrates?

    <p>Lactase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from the loss of lactase due to inflammation in the duodenum?

    <p>Temporary lactose intolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bond does amylase help to break down?

    <p>Glycosidic bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nucleosidases are specifically responsible for breaking which type of bond?

    <p>Phosphate bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of bile secreted by the liver and gall bladder in digestion?

    <p>To emulsify fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After carbohydrate digestion, the basic unit that is primarily absorbed is called?

    <p>Monosaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to chymotrypsinogen before it can effectively break peptide bonds?

    <p>It must undergo a cleavage to become chymotrypsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enzymes is involved in breaking down glycosidic bonds?

    <p>Amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Digestion Process and Macromolecules

    • Digestion involves breaking down four major macromolecules: proteins, carbohydrates, nucleotides, and fats.

    Proteins

    • Comprised of chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
    • Enzymes called peptidases, present at the brush border of the intestines, break peptide bonds.
    • The pancreas secretes inactive forms of enzymes: trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen, which require activation.
    • Enteropeptidase, from the brush border, activates trypsin and chymotrypsin, allowing them to further digest proteins into amino acids for absorption.

    Carbohydrates

    • Made of repeating units of simple sugars.
    • Single sugars are monosaccharides, two are disaccharides (e.g., lactose), and multiple sugars are polysaccharides.
    • Amylase secreted by the pancreas helps break glycosidic bonds in carbohydrates.
    • Brush border enzymes, such as lactase, are specific for breaking down disaccharides like lactose.
    • Lactose intolerance can occur temporarily when inflamed duodenum walls reduce lactase production.

    Nucleotides

    • Form nucleic acids like DNA and consist of a phosphate group, ribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base (e.g., adenine, guanine).
    • Nucleosidases at the brush border isolate the base from the nucleoside by cleaving bonds, leaving the ribose sugar attached to a phosphate group.

    Fats

    • Composed of a glycerol head attached to three fatty acids.
    • Bile from the liver and gall bladder emulsifies fats, aiding in their breakdown.
    • Lipase, produced by the pancreas, breaks down fats by cleaving fatty acids from the triglyceride, leaving distinct fatty acid chains.

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating process of digestion with a focus on the duodenum and the four major macromolecules that constitute our body. This quiz covers the essentials of proteins, carbohydrates, and more, highlighting their roles and interactions in digestion.

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