Digestion, Pollination & Vegetative Propagation

• Digestion is the breakdown of food into simpler substances
• The type of carbohydrate that can be digested by ruminants, but not humans, is called "pajesha"
• Indicators are substances that indicate the presence of certain chemicals or conditions, examples of artificial indicators include methyl orange and phenolphthalein
• The diaphragm is a muscle in the body that separates the chest from the abdomen and aids in breathing
• Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the male part (anther) to the female part (stigma) of a flower, enabling fertilization and reproduction
• Vegetative propagation is a form of asexual reproduction in plants where new plants arise from stems, leaves, or roots, for example, budding in yeast or the formation of tubers in potatoes

Section C

• Painting an iron gate prevents rusting by creating a barrier between the iron and the environment, preventing exposure to oxygen and moisture
• Galvanization involves depositing layers of a metal, such as zinc, on iron to prevent rusting
• Self-pollination is the transfer of pollen from the stamen to the pistil of the same flower or another flower on the same plant, while cross-pollination is the transfer of pollen from the stamen of one plant to the pistil of a flower on a different plant of the same species
• Two effects of electric current include magnetic effects and heating effects
• Forests prevent floods by absorbing water, slowing runoff, and reducing soil erosion with their roots
• Sludge faces dusting all the bottom and is removed with a scraper. It is then transferred to a separate tank
• A concave mirror use is as a dentist mirror, while a convex mirror use is as a side mirror in cars