Digestion and Emotional Health
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Questions and Answers

Unless nutrients are _____ and ______ the body cannot maintain or repair itself.

Digested, Absorbed

Several disorders of the GI tract are tied to one's _____ and emotional state.

Lifestyle

What are the four emotional effects of lifestyle?

Constipation, Diarrhea, Heartburn, Flatus

The text's presentation of digestion and absorption is based on Western perspectives (Allopathic) whereby body organs are viewed as the _____

<p>Problem areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

In traditional Indian medicine (Ayurveda), digestive problems would be viewed as _____

<p>Living a life out of balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

In traditional Indian medicine (Ayurveda), treatment would be based on _____

<p>Bringing harmony back to the life of the individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when saliva moistens food and breaks down starches?

<p>Chemical digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the enzyme in saliva that breaks down starches?

<p>Amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three salivary glands?

<p>Parotid, Submandibular, Sublingual</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of digestion depends on the teeth and the tongue to tear and pulverize food?

<p>Mechanical digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the other functions of the tongue besides digestion?

<p>Taste, Formation of the bolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

We have taste receptors for _____

<p>Sweet, Salty, Sour, Bitter</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many taste buds do we have?

<p>Over 2,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define bolus.

<p>Portions of pulverized/masticated food</p> Signup and view all the answers

What age group has the highest number of taste buds?

<p>Toddlers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Toddlers have a higher degree of taste sensitivity. Therefore, ______ foods are more appealing.

<p>Bland</p> Signup and view all the answers

Taste buds _____ with age.

<p>Decline</p> Signup and view all the answers

Because older adults have a diminished taste sensitivity, they need to be encouraged to avoid too much ____.

<p>Salt</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two things affect our perception and enjoyment of food?

<p>Smell, Taste bud sensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Our _____ are dependent upon our positive or negative responses to specific foods.

<p>Perception and enjoyment of food</p> Signup and view all the answers

The muscular tube which the food travels down from the mouth to the stomach is called the _____

<p>Esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

The rhythmic contractions of muscles of the intestinal tract are known as _____

<p>Peristalsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

The processes of ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination depend on what two things?

<p>Motility of the GI wall, Secretion of digestive juices and enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three parts of the stomach?

<p>Fundus, Body, Pylorus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are gastric pits located?

<p>In the mucosa of the stomach wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are gastric glands located?

<p>In the gastric pits</p> Signup and view all the answers

_____ secrete gastric juice made up of mucous fluid that contains digestive enzymes.

<p>Gastric glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

Parietal cells secrete _____

<p>HCl acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three phases of gastric secretions?

<p>Cephalic (psychic), Gastric, Intestinal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone increases the release of gastric juices when the stomach is distended by food?

<p>Gastrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the intestinal phase, gastric secretions change as chyme passes through to the _____

<p>Duodenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What keeps chyme in the stomach?

<p>The actions of the pyloric sphincter and the cardiac sphincter</p> Signup and view all the answers

A semi-liquid mixture of food mass is called _____

<p>Chyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sends a message that HCl acid is needed to continue the breakdown of chyme.

<p>Gastrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does it take food to move through the stomach?

<p>2-6 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

Organic catalysts that are agents for chemical digestion, specific in action, work on individual classes of nutrients, and change to simpler form are known as _____

<p>Enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the six functions of the stomach?

<p>Holding (food), Producing (gastric juice), Providing (peristalsis, segmentation), Secreting (intrinsic factor), Releasing (gastrin), Assisting (destruction of pathogens)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Linked to ulcers and stomach cancer is _____

<p>H Pylori</p> Signup and view all the answers

Necessary for vitamin B12 absorption is _____

<p>Intrinsic factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

_____ completes digestion, absorbs nutrients and most water.

<p>Small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

As chyme enters the small intestine...______ begin sending messages that regulate the release of digestive juices to continue the process of chyme digestion.

<p>Hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

As chyme enters the small intestine..._____ causes the pancreas to send HCO3 which reduces the acidity of chyme.

<p>Secretin</p> Signup and view all the answers

As chyme enters the small intestine..._____ initiates pancreatic secretions, inhibits gastric HCl secretion and activates the gallbladder to contract causing bile to be released into the duodenum.

<p>Cholecystokinin (CCK)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Villi and microvilli are located in the _____

<p>Small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Secretes bile

<p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

Stores bile

<p>Gallbladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

Causes gallbladder to release bile

<p>Cholecystokinin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bile is released to _____

<p>Emulsify fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bile aids in the digestion of lipids by making more ________ available for enzymes to act on.

<p>Surface area</p> Signup and view all the answers

Site of final absorption of any available nutrients is the _____

<p>Large intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blind pocket that is bypassed as the mass enters the ascending colon is called _____

<p>Cecum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the parts of the colon?

<p>Ascending, Transverse, Descending</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long is the journey of food from the mouth to the anus?

<p>9-16 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

Beneficial _____ is located in the large intestine which produce some vitamins.

<p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

What additional nutrients might be absorbed by the large intestine?

<p>Water, Vitamins, Minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process by which substances pass from the intestine into the blood and lymph is called _____

<p>Absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ has first choice of all available nutrients?

<p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

The movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to low concentration is called _____

<p>Passive or simple diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane is known as _____

<p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Movement of molecules by a carrier protein across the cell membrane from a region of high to low concentration is called _____

<p>Facilitated diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

The movement of molecules and ions by means of a carrier protein (usually ATP) against fluid pressure requires energy and is called _____

<p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

Intake of small particles and droplets by the plasma membrane of a cell creates a vacuole that encompasses the substance, known as _____

<p>Pinocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

The amounts of vitamins and minerals absorbed depend on the body's _____ and _____ for these nutrients.

<p>Storage levels, Immediate need</p> Signup and view all the answers

____, _____, & _____ are easily absorbed regardless of level of need.

<p>Fats, Carbohydrates, Protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

The expulsion of feces or body waste is called _____

<p>Elimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nutrients not discarded or used by cells are filtered by the kidneys and excreted as _____

<p>Urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

With an immature GI tract, _____ are absorbed without complete digestion, resulting in an allergic response.

<p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

When the body ceases to produce lactase, this condition is known as _____

<p>Lactose intolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

The secretion of enzymes _____ as part of the aging process.

<p>Decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gallbladder disease, peptic ulcers, constipation, and diverticulosis impact _____

<p>Digestion and absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

Age-related decrease in peristalsis and activity worsens with lifelong low _____ consumption.

<p>Fiber</p> Signup and view all the answers

A set of processes through which absorbed nutrients are used by the body for energy and to form and maintain body structures and functions is called _____

<p>Metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

The breakdown of food components into smaller molecular particles which cause the release of energy is called _____

<p>Catabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of synthesis from which substances are formed such as new bone or muscle tissue is called _____

<p>Anabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Changes in metabolism are most noticeable _____

<p>Later in life</p> Signup and view all the answers

As we age, nutrient needs remain _____ while food energy and BMR _____

<p>Constant, Decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lifestyle behaviors affect the _____ and _____ of our GI tracts and therefore influence our nutritional status.

<p>Functioning, Health</p> Signup and view all the answers

Some common GI tract health problems are caused by _______________, but that can be changed.

<p>Everyday decisions we make</p> Signup and view all the answers

Our daily schedules often determine our responses to _____

<p>Hunger</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are five common problems of digestion?

<p>Heartburn, Vomiting, Intestinal gas, Constipation, Diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) is commonly known as _____

<p>Heartburn</p> Signup and view all the answers

With heartburn, food with _______ backs up into the esophagus through the _____ sphincter.

<p>Chyme, Cardiac</p> Signup and view all the answers

Preventing constipation; waiting several hours before lying down; avoiding high-fat meals; avoiding tight clothing; avoiding eating under stress; avoiding foods like chocolate, alcohol, caffeine, and high acid foods are all ways of preventing _____

<p>Heartburn</p> Signup and view all the answers

Involuntary reverse peristalsis is known as _____

<p>Vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vomiting is not usually related to lifestyle behaviors with the exception of ___________

<p>Eating disorders such as Anorexia nervosa or bulimia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Three problems that can be caused from vomiting are:

<p>Cardiac problems, Damaged Enamel, Hiatal hernia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vomiting is a _____ against bacteria, viruses, toxins, etc.

<p>Protective mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dehydration is a concern with vomiting. _____ and _____ are lost.

<p>Fluids, Electrolytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

_____ are at particular risk because their bodies consist mostly of fluid.

<p>Infants</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bacterial fermentation of certain foods such as beans, lactose intolerance, constipation, eating too fast, eating on the run, high fat foods, or other foods specific to you can all cause _____

<p>Intestinal gas (flatus)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Difficulty or discomfort associated with defecation is known as _____

<p>Constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Straining to pass hard, dry stools is known as _____

<p>Constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

There is a correlation between constipation and _____

<p>Diverticulosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Choosing foods high in insoluble fiber, listening to body signals & following a schedule that allows time for BMs, exercising regularly, drinking enough water, relaxing, and consuming regular meals are all ways to prevent _____

<p>Constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

The passing of loose, watery bowel movements is known as _____

<p>Diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

With diarrhea, contents move too ______ from the large intestine to allow water to be reabsorbed.

<p>Quickly</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name four things that can cause diarrhea.

<p>Bacterial/viral infections, Lactose intolerance, Spoiled foods, Stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dehydration is possible in infants with diarrhea because they cannot easily communicate their _____

<p>Thirst</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dehydration is possible in older adults with diarrhea because their ability to detect thirst may be ______, resulting in disorientation.

<p>Diminished</p> Signup and view all the answers

If diarrhea lasts more than _____, discuss it with your primary care provider.

<p>2 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Digestion Fundamentals

  • Nutrients must be digested and absorbed for the body to maintain or repair itself.
  • Disorders of the GI tract can be linked to one's lifestyle and emotional state.

Psychological and Physical Interactions

  • Emotional factors are correlated with gastrointestinal issues like constipation, diarrhea, heartburn, and flatus.
  • Perspectives on digestion vary, with Western medicine viewing organs as problem areas, while Ayurveda sees digestive issues as resulting from imbalance.

Digestion Process

  • Chemical digestion begins with saliva, which contains amylase to break down starches.
  • Mechanical digestion utilizes teeth and tongue for food breakdown.
  • The tongue is not only essential for digestion but also for taste and forming the bolus - pulverized food portions.

Taste and Sensitivity

  • The human tongue has over 2,000 taste buds for sensing sweet, salty, sour, and bitter flavors.
  • Toddlers have more taste buds and are more sensitive, making bland foods appealing.
  • Taste sensitivity declines with age, necessitating caution against excessive salt consumption in older adults.

GI Tract Anatomy and Functionality

  • The esophagus is a muscular tube transporting food to the stomach, aided by peristalsis (rhythmic muscle contractions).
  • Motility of the GI wall and secretion of digestive juices are crucial for ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination.
  • The stomach consists of three parts: fundus, body, pylorus.

Gastric Secretions

  • Gastric glands, located in gastric pits, secrete gastric juice composed of mucous and digestive enzymes.
  • Parietal cells release HCl acid; gastric secretions occur in three phases: cephalic, gastric, and intestinal.
  • Gastrin is a hormone that stimulates gastric juices when the stomach is full.

Intestinal Function

  • The small intestine is critical for digestion and nutrient absorption. Notable hormones include secretin (stimulating bicarbonate secretion) and cholecystokinin (CCK) (regulating bile release).
  • Villi and microvilli in the small intestine increase the surface area for absorption.

Nutrient Absorption

  • The absorption of vitamins and minerals is influenced by the body's storage levels and immediate needs.
  • Substances like fats, carbohydrates, and proteins are easily absorbed, while complex mechanisms are involved in nutrient transport.

Waste Elimination

  • Elimination refers to the expulsion of feces; nutrients not utilized are filtered by kidneys and excreted as urine.
  • Common GI issues include heartburn, vomiting, intestinal gas, constipation, and diarrhea.

Heartburn and Vomiting

  • Heartburn, identified as gastroesophageal reflux (GERD), occurs when chyme backs up into the esophagus.
  • Vomiting serves as a protective mechanism against harmful substances but can lead to dehydration, especially in infants and older adults.

Constipation and Diarrhea

  • Constipation involves difficulty or discomfort in defecation and can relate to conditions like diverticulosis.
  • Preventative measures for constipation include high-fiber foods, regular exercise, and enough water intake.
  • Diarrhea is defined by loose, watery bowel movements, often caused by infections, lactose intolerance, or stress.
  • Metabolism changes, particularly catabolism (breaking down food) and anabolism (synthesizing tissues), become apparent later in life.
  • With aging, nutrient needs remain stable while food energy needs and basal metabolic rate decline, requiring mindful dietary choices.

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Description

Explore the vital process of digestion and its intricate connection to emotional well-being. Discover how lifestyle and psychological factors influence gastrointestinal health, and learn about the different perspectives on digestion from Western medicine and Ayurveda. This quiz covers key elements like chemical and mechanical digestion and the role of taste.

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