Digestion and Emotional Health

Questions and Answers

Unless nutrients are _ and __ the body cannot maintain or repair itself.

Digested, Absorbed

Several disorders of the GI tract are tied to one's _____ and emotional state.

Lifestyle

What are the four emotional effects of lifestyle?

Constipation, Diarrhea, Heartburn, Flatus

The text's presentation of digestion and absorption is based on Western perspectives (Allopathic) whereby body organs are viewed as the _____

Problem areas Signup and view all the answers

In traditional Indian medicine (Ayurveda), digestive problems would be viewed as _____

Living a life out of balance Signup and view all the answers

In traditional Indian medicine (Ayurveda), treatment would be based on _____

Bringing harmony back to the life of the individual Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when saliva moistens food and breaks down starches?

Chemical digestion Signup and view all the answers

What is the enzyme in saliva that breaks down starches?

Amylase Signup and view all the answers

What are the three salivary glands?

Parotid, Submandibular, Sublingual Signup and view all the answers

What type of digestion depends on the teeth and the tongue to tear and pulverize food?

Mechanical digestion Signup and view all the answers

What are the other functions of the tongue besides digestion?

Taste, Formation of the bolus Signup and view all the answers

We have taste receptors for _____

Sweet, Salty, Sour, Bitter Signup and view all the answers

How many taste buds do we have?

Over 2,000 Signup and view all the answers

Define bolus.

Portions of pulverized/masticated food Signup and view all the answers

What age group has the highest number of taste buds?

Toddlers Signup and view all the answers

Toddlers have a higher degree of taste sensitivity. Therefore, ______ foods are more appealing.

Bland Signup and view all the answers

Taste buds _____ with age.

Decline Signup and view all the answers

Because older adults have a diminished taste sensitivity, they need to be encouraged to avoid too much ____.

Salt Signup and view all the answers

What two things affect our perception and enjoyment of food?

Smell, Taste bud sensation Signup and view all the answers

Our _____ are dependent upon our positive or negative responses to specific foods.

Perception and enjoyment of food Signup and view all the answers

The muscular tube which the food travels down from the mouth to the stomach is called the _____

Esophagus Signup and view all the answers

The rhythmic contractions of muscles of the intestinal tract are known as _____

Peristalsis Signup and view all the answers

The processes of ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination depend on what two things?

Motility of the GI wall, Secretion of digestive juices and enzymes Signup and view all the answers

What are the three parts of the stomach?

Fundus, Body, Pylorus Signup and view all the answers

Where are gastric pits located?

In the mucosa of the stomach wall Signup and view all the answers

Where are gastric glands located?

In the gastric pits Signup and view all the answers

_____ secrete gastric juice made up of mucous fluid that contains digestive enzymes.

Gastric glands Signup and view all the answers

Parietal cells secrete _____

HCl acid Signup and view all the answers

What are the three phases of gastric secretions?

Cephalic (psychic), Gastric, Intestinal Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone increases the release of gastric juices when the stomach is distended by food?

Gastrin Signup and view all the answers

During the intestinal phase, gastric secretions change as chyme passes through to the _____

Duodenum Signup and view all the answers

What keeps chyme in the stomach?

The actions of the pyloric sphincter and the cardiac sphincter Signup and view all the answers

A semi-liquid mixture of food mass is called _____

Chyme Signup and view all the answers

Sends a message that HCl acid is needed to continue the breakdown of chyme.

Gastrin Signup and view all the answers

How long does it take food to move through the stomach?

2-6 hours Signup and view all the answers

Organic catalysts that are agents for chemical digestion, specific in action, work on individual classes of nutrients, and change to simpler form are known as _____

Enzymes Signup and view all the answers

What are the six functions of the stomach?

Holding (food), Producing (gastric juice), Providing (peristalsis, segmentation), Secreting (intrinsic factor), Releasing (gastrin), Assisting (destruction of pathogens) Signup and view all the answers

Linked to ulcers and stomach cancer is _____

H Pylori Signup and view all the answers

Necessary for vitamin B12 absorption is _____

Intrinsic factor Signup and view all the answers

_____ completes digestion, absorbs nutrients and most water.

Small intestine Signup and view all the answers

As chyme enters the small intestine...______ begin sending messages that regulate the release of digestive juices to continue the process of chyme digestion.

Hormones Signup and view all the answers

As chyme enters the small intestine..._____ causes the pancreas to send HCO3 which reduces the acidity of chyme.

Secretin Signup and view all the answers

As chyme enters the small intestine..._____ initiates pancreatic secretions, inhibits gastric HCl secretion and activates the gallbladder to contract causing bile to be released into the duodenum.

Cholecystokinin (CCK) Signup and view all the answers

Villi and microvilli are located in the _____

Small intestine Signup and view all the answers

Secretes bile

Liver Signup and view all the answers

Stores bile

Gallbladder Signup and view all the answers

Causes gallbladder to release bile

Cholecystokinin Signup and view all the answers

Bile is released to _____

Emulsify fats Signup and view all the answers

Bile aids in the digestion of lipids by making more ________ available for enzymes to act on.

Surface area Signup and view all the answers

Site of final absorption of any available nutrients is the _____

Large intestine Signup and view all the answers

Blind pocket that is bypassed as the mass enters the ascending colon is called _____

Cecum Signup and view all the answers

What are the parts of the colon?

Ascending, Transverse, Descending Signup and view all the answers

How long is the journey of food from the mouth to the anus?

9-16 hours Signup and view all the answers

Beneficial _____ is located in the large intestine which produce some vitamins.

Bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What additional nutrients might be absorbed by the large intestine?

Water, Vitamins, Minerals Signup and view all the answers

The process by which substances pass from the intestine into the blood and lymph is called _____

Absorption Signup and view all the answers

Which organ has first choice of all available nutrients?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

The movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to low concentration is called _____

Passive or simple diffusion Signup and view all the answers

Movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane is known as _____

Osmosis Signup and view all the answers

Movement of molecules by a carrier protein across the cell membrane from a region of high to low concentration is called _____

Facilitated diffusion Signup and view all the answers

The movement of molecules and ions by means of a carrier protein (usually ATP) against fluid pressure requires energy and is called _____

Active transport Signup and view all the answers

Intake of small particles and droplets by the plasma membrane of a cell creates a vacuole that encompasses the substance, known as _____

Pinocytosis Signup and view all the answers

The amounts of vitamins and minerals absorbed depend on the body's _ and _ for these nutrients.

Storage levels, Immediate need Signup and view all the answers

__, _, & ___ are easily absorbed regardless of level of need.

Fats, Carbohydrates, Protein Signup and view all the answers

The expulsion of feces or body waste is called _____

Elimination Signup and view all the answers

Nutrients not discarded or used by cells are filtered by the kidneys and excreted as _____

Urine Signup and view all the answers

With an immature GI tract, _____ are absorbed without complete digestion, resulting in an allergic response.

Proteins Signup and view all the answers

When the body ceases to produce lactase, this condition is known as _____

Lactose intolerance Signup and view all the answers

The secretion of enzymes _____ as part of the aging process.

Decreases Signup and view all the answers

Gallbladder disease, peptic ulcers, constipation, and diverticulosis impact _____

Digestion and absorption Signup and view all the answers

Age-related decrease in peristalsis and activity worsens with lifelong low _____ consumption.

Fiber Signup and view all the answers

A set of processes through which absorbed nutrients are used by the body for energy and to form and maintain body structures and functions is called _____

Metabolism Signup and view all the answers

The breakdown of food components into smaller molecular particles which cause the release of energy is called _____

Catabolism Signup and view all the answers

The process of synthesis from which substances are formed such as new bone or muscle tissue is called _____

Anabolism Signup and view all the answers

Changes in metabolism are most noticeable _____

Later in life Signup and view all the answers

As we age, nutrient needs remain _ while food energy and BMR _

Constant, Decrease Signup and view all the answers

Lifestyle behaviors affect the _ and _ of our GI tracts and therefore influence our nutritional status.

Functioning, Health Signup and view all the answers

Some common GI tract health problems are caused by _______________, but that can be changed.

Everyday decisions we make Signup and view all the answers

Our daily schedules often determine our responses to _____

Hunger Signup and view all the answers

What are five common problems of digestion?

Heartburn, Vomiting, Intestinal gas, Constipation, Diarrhea Signup and view all the answers

Gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) is commonly known as _____

Heartburn Signup and view all the answers

With heartburn, food with ___ backs up into the esophagus through the _ sphincter.

Chyme, Cardiac Signup and view all the answers

Preventing constipation; waiting several hours before lying down; avoiding high-fat meals; avoiding tight clothing; avoiding eating under stress; avoiding foods like chocolate, alcohol, caffeine, and high acid foods are all ways of preventing _____

Heartburn Signup and view all the answers

Involuntary reverse peristalsis is known as _____

Vomiting Signup and view all the answers

Vomiting is not usually related to lifestyle behaviors with the exception of ___________

Eating disorders such as Anorexia nervosa or bulimia Signup and view all the answers

Three problems that can be caused from vomiting are:

Cardiac problems, Damaged Enamel, Hiatal hernia Signup and view all the answers

Vomiting is a _____ against bacteria, viruses, toxins, etc.

Protective mechanism Signup and view all the answers

Dehydration is a concern with vomiting. _ and _ are lost.

Fluids, Electrolytes Signup and view all the answers

_____ are at particular risk because their bodies consist mostly of fluid.

Infants Signup and view all the answers

Bacterial fermentation of certain foods such as beans, lactose intolerance, constipation, eating too fast, eating on the run, high fat foods, or other foods specific to you can all cause _____

Intestinal gas (flatus) Signup and view all the answers

Difficulty or discomfort associated with defecation is known as _____

Constipation Signup and view all the answers

Straining to pass hard, dry stools is known as _____

Constipation Signup and view all the answers

There is a correlation between constipation and _____

Diverticulosis Signup and view all the answers

Choosing foods high in insoluble fiber, listening to body signals & following a schedule that allows time for BMs, exercising regularly, drinking enough water, relaxing, and consuming regular meals are all ways to prevent _____

Constipation Signup and view all the answers

The passing of loose, watery bowel movements is known as _____

Diarrhea Signup and view all the answers

With diarrhea, contents move too ______ from the large intestine to allow water to be reabsorbed.

Quickly Signup and view all the answers

Name four things that can cause diarrhea.

Bacterial/viral infections, Lactose intolerance, Spoiled foods, Stress Signup and view all the answers

Dehydration is possible in infants with diarrhea because they cannot easily communicate their _____

Thirst Signup and view all the answers

Dehydration is possible in older adults with diarrhea because their ability to detect thirst may be ______, resulting in disorientation.

Diminished Signup and view all the answers

If diarrhea lasts more than _____, discuss it with your primary care provider.

2 days Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Digestion Fundamentals

Nutrients must be digested and absorbed for the body to maintain or repair itself.
Disorders of the GI tract can be linked to one's lifestyle and emotional state.

Psychological and Physical Interactions

Emotional factors are correlated with gastrointestinal issues like constipation, diarrhea, heartburn, and flatus.
Perspectives on digestion vary, with Western medicine viewing organs as problem areas, while Ayurveda sees digestive issues as resulting from imbalance.

Digestion Process

Chemical digestion begins with saliva, which contains amylase to break down starches.
Mechanical digestion utilizes teeth and tongue for food breakdown.
The tongue is not only essential for digestion but also for taste and forming the bolus - pulverized food portions.

Taste and Sensitivity

The human tongue has over 2,000 taste buds for sensing sweet, salty, sour, and bitter flavors.
Toddlers have more taste buds and are more sensitive, making bland foods appealing.
Taste sensitivity declines with age, necessitating caution against excessive salt consumption in older adults.

GI Tract Anatomy and Functionality

The esophagus is a muscular tube transporting food to the stomach, aided by peristalsis (rhythmic muscle contractions).
Motility of the GI wall and secretion of digestive juices are crucial for ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination.
The stomach consists of three parts: fundus, body, pylorus.

Gastric Secretions

Gastric glands, located in gastric pits, secrete gastric juice composed of mucous and digestive enzymes.
Parietal cells release HCl acid; gastric secretions occur in three phases: cephalic, gastric, and intestinal.
Gastrin is a hormone that stimulates gastric juices when the stomach is full.

Intestinal Function

The small intestine is critical for digestion and nutrient absorption. Notable hormones include secretin (stimulating bicarbonate secretion) and cholecystokinin (CCK) (regulating bile release).
Villi and microvilli in the small intestine increase the surface area for absorption.

Nutrient Absorption

The absorption of vitamins and minerals is influenced by the body's storage levels and immediate needs.
Substances like fats, carbohydrates, and proteins are easily absorbed, while complex mechanisms are involved in nutrient transport.

Waste Elimination

Elimination refers to the expulsion of feces; nutrients not utilized are filtered by kidneys and excreted as urine.
Common GI issues include heartburn, vomiting, intestinal gas, constipation, and diarrhea.

Heartburn and Vomiting

Heartburn, identified as gastroesophageal reflux (GERD), occurs when chyme backs up into the esophagus.
Vomiting serves as a protective mechanism against harmful substances but can lead to dehydration, especially in infants and older adults.

Constipation and Diarrhea

Constipation involves difficulty or discomfort in defecation and can relate to conditions like diverticulosis.
Preventative measures for constipation include high-fiber foods, regular exercise, and enough water intake.
Diarrhea is defined by loose, watery bowel movements, often caused by infections, lactose intolerance, or stress.

Metabolism changes, particularly catabolism (breaking down food) and anabolism (synthesizing tissues), become apparent later in life.
With aging, nutrient needs remain stable while food energy needs and basal metabolic rate decline, requiring mindful dietary choices.

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Description

Explore the vital process of digestion and its intricate connection to emotional well-being. Discover how lifestyle and psychological factors influence gastrointestinal health, and learn about the different perspectives on digestion from Western medicine and Ayurveda. This quiz covers key elements like chemical and mechanical digestion and the role of taste.

Digestion and Emotional Health

Questions and Answers

Unless nutrients are _____ and ______ the body cannot maintain or repair itself.

Several disorders of the GI tract are tied to one's _____ and emotional state.

What are the four emotional effects of lifestyle?

The text's presentation of digestion and absorption is based on Western perspectives (Allopathic) whereby body organs are viewed as the _____

In traditional Indian medicine (Ayurveda), digestive problems would be viewed as _____

In traditional Indian medicine (Ayurveda), treatment would be based on _____

What is the process called when saliva moistens food and breaks down starches?

What is the enzyme in saliva that breaks down starches?

What are the three salivary glands?

What type of digestion depends on the teeth and the tongue to tear and pulverize food?

What are the other functions of the tongue besides digestion?

We have taste receptors for _____

How many taste buds do we have?

Define bolus.

What age group has the highest number of taste buds?

Toddlers have a higher degree of taste sensitivity. Therefore, ______ foods are more appealing.

Taste buds _____ with age.

Because older adults have a diminished taste sensitivity, they need to be encouraged to avoid too much ____.

What two things affect our perception and enjoyment of food?

Our _____ are dependent upon our positive or negative responses to specific foods.

The muscular tube which the food travels down from the mouth to the stomach is called the _____

The rhythmic contractions of muscles of the intestinal tract are known as _____

The processes of ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination depend on what two things?

What are the three parts of the stomach?

Where are gastric pits located?

Where are gastric glands located?

_____ secrete gastric juice made up of mucous fluid that contains digestive enzymes.

Parietal cells secrete _____

What are the three phases of gastric secretions?

Which hormone increases the release of gastric juices when the stomach is distended by food?

During the intestinal phase, gastric secretions change as chyme passes through to the _____

What keeps chyme in the stomach?

A semi-liquid mixture of food mass is called _____

Sends a message that HCl acid is needed to continue the breakdown of chyme.

How long does it take food to move through the stomach?

Organic catalysts that are agents for chemical digestion, specific in action, work on individual classes of nutrients, and change to simpler form are known as _____

What are the six functions of the stomach?

Linked to ulcers and stomach cancer is _____

Necessary for vitamin B12 absorption is _____

_____ completes digestion, absorbs nutrients and most water.

As chyme enters the small intestine...______ begin sending messages that regulate the release of digestive juices to continue the process of chyme digestion.

As chyme enters the small intestine..._____ causes the pancreas to send HCO3 which reduces the acidity of chyme.

As chyme enters the small intestine..._____ initiates pancreatic secretions, inhibits gastric HCl secretion and activates the gallbladder to contract causing bile to be released into the duodenum.

Villi and microvilli are located in the _____

Secretes bile

Stores bile

Causes gallbladder to release bile

Bile is released to _____

Bile aids in the digestion of lipids by making more ________ available for enzymes to act on.

Site of final absorption of any available nutrients is the _____

Blind pocket that is bypassed as the mass enters the ascending colon is called _____

What are the parts of the colon?

How long is the journey of food from the mouth to the anus?

Beneficial _____ is located in the large intestine which produce some vitamins.

What additional nutrients might be absorbed by the large intestine?

The process by which substances pass from the intestine into the blood and lymph is called _____

Which organ has first choice of all available nutrients?

The movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to low concentration is called _____

Movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane is known as _____

Movement of molecules by a carrier protein across the cell membrane from a region of high to low concentration is called _____

The movement of molecules and ions by means of a carrier protein (usually ATP) against fluid pressure requires energy and is called _____

Intake of small particles and droplets by the plasma membrane of a cell creates a vacuole that encompasses the substance, known as _____

The amounts of vitamins and minerals absorbed depend on the body's _____ and _____ for these nutrients.

____, _____, & _____ are easily absorbed regardless of level of need.

The expulsion of feces or body waste is called _____

Nutrients not discarded or used by cells are filtered by the kidneys and excreted as _____

With an immature GI tract, _____ are absorbed without complete digestion, resulting in an allergic response.

When the body ceases to produce lactase, this condition is known as _____

The secretion of enzymes _____ as part of the aging process.

Gallbladder disease, peptic ulcers, constipation, and diverticulosis impact _____

Age-related decrease in peristalsis and activity worsens with lifelong low _____ consumption.

A set of processes through which absorbed nutrients are used by the body for energy and to form and maintain body structures and functions is called _____

The breakdown of food components into smaller molecular particles which cause the release of energy is called _____

The process of synthesis from which substances are formed such as new bone or muscle tissue is called _____

Changes in metabolism are most noticeable _____

As we age, nutrient needs remain _____ while food energy and BMR _____

Lifestyle behaviors affect the _____ and _____ of our GI tracts and therefore influence our nutritional status.

Some common GI tract health problems are caused by _______________, but that can be changed.

Unless nutrients are _ and __ the body cannot maintain or repair itself.

The amounts of vitamins and minerals absorbed depend on the body's _ and _ for these nutrients.

__, _, & ___ are easily absorbed regardless of level of need.

As we age, nutrient needs remain _ while food energy and BMR _

Lifestyle behaviors affect the _ and _ of our GI tracts and therefore influence our nutritional status.

With heartburn, food with ___ backs up into the esophagus through the _ sphincter.

Dehydration is a concern with vomiting. _ and _ are lost.