Diffraction & Spectroscopy in Physics

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT directly included in a typical spectroscopy plot?

  • Intensity
  • Amplitude
  • Wavelength (correct)
  • Frequency

What is the term for the study of the spectrum, which is a plot of intensity or amplitude against a related parameter?

  • Semiconductor Physics
  • Hydrogen Spectroscopy
  • Diffraction
  • Spectroscopy (correct)

What is a semiconductor?

  • A material that conducts electricity only under certain conditions (correct)
  • A material that conducts electricity very well
  • A material that does not conduct electricity at all
  • A material that is only found in hydrogen atoms

What is the relationship between frequency (ν) and wavelength (λ) of light?

<p>ν = 1/λ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a possible factor that could be plotted on the x-axis of a spectroscopy graph?

<p>Energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of spectroscopy is based on the inelastic scattering process?

<p>Raman Spectroscopy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of spectroscopy can be used to analyze the elemental composition of a sample?

<p>Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following spectroscopic techniques utilizes the interaction of electrons with a sample?

<p>Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the provided information, which spectroscopy technique is directly associated with the study of light emission from a material when stimulated by an electron beam?

<p>Cathodoluminescence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for the path difference in a diffraction grating, assuming 'd' is the distance between the grating slits?

<p>d sin θ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy of a single photon emitted by the LED bulb, in Joules?

<p>$3.31 \times 10^{-22}$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many moles of photons would be created by the LED bulb in one hour?

<p>0.0902 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided about the LED bulb, how many seconds will it take to create one mole of photons?

<p>19,950 seconds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that can be plotted on the x-axis of a spectroscopy graph?

<p>Intensity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of spectroscopy?

<p>To determine the chemical composition of a sample. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic that distinguishes stimulated emission from spontaneous emission?

<p>Stimulated emission produces light that is coherent, while spontaneous emission produces incoherent light. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided text, in Raman Spectroscopy, what happens to the electromagnetic radiation when absorption does not take place?

<p>The electromagnetic radiation is either transmitted or scattered. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the relationship between energy levels and light absorption/emission is true?

<p>When the energy of the absorbed light is equal to the energy difference between the initial and final states, absorption occurs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the equation 'S=kilri) + kzl72) + ka (rs)... 11, 12, 13 different' represent?

<p>The total radiant energy density, a summation of energy densities at different light frequencies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the provided text, what is the relationship between the absorption or emission of light by matter and the energy states involved?

<p>Absorption occurs when the final energy state is higher than the initial energy state, and emission occurs when the final energy state is lower than the initial energy state. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of light is emitted when the energy of emission falls within the optical energy range?

<p>Visible (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique uses the energy loss of electrons to identify the composition of a sample?

<p>Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physical relationship does Rutherford's relation describe in the context of electron scattering?

<p>The relationship between the scattering angle and the wavelength of the incident electrons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the angle of the incident beam related to the angle of the diffracted beam in electron scattering experiments?

<p>They are related through a specific mathematical equation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of signals are analyzed in Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS)?

<p>Electron energy loss signals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the speed of an electromagnetic wave in a vacuum, regardless of its frequency or wavelength?

<p>3.0 x 10^8 m/s (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Faraday's law explain?

<p>The relationship between the electric and magnetic fields in an electromagnetic wave. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the frequency (ν) and wavelength (λ) of an electromagnetic wave?

<p>ν = c / λ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between different types of electromagnetic waves, such as radio waves and X-rays?

<p>Their frequency and wavelength. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately depicts the relationship between frequency (ν) and wavelength (λ) of electromagnetic waves?

<p>Higher frequency, shorter wavelength (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Spectroscopy

Study of the spectrum, which plots intensity or amplitude against energy or wavelength.

Spectrum

A graph plotting intensity versus energy, wavelength, or frequency.

Intensity

The power or strength of light in spectroscopy, often plotted on the y-axis.

Wavelength

The distance between consecutive peaks of a wave, often measured in nanometers.

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Energy in spectroscopy

Refers to light energy measured in electron volts or joules, plotted against intensity.

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Speed of EM Waves

Any electromagnetic wave travels at a constant speed of 3x10^8 m/s in vacuum.

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Frequency of EM Waves

Electromagnetic waves vary in frequency, which affects their energy and type.

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Wave Equation in EM Waves

The mathematical representation that describes the propagation of electromagnetic waves.

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Faraday's Law

A principle that relates changing magnetic fields to electric fields, foundational in EM wave theory.

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Electromagnetic Spectrum

The range of all types of EM waves, categorized by differences in frequency and wavelength.

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Energy of Emission

The energy associated with light emitted, producing visible light.

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EELS Signals

Signals observed in Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy indicating energy loss of electrons.

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Incident Beam

The beam of particles or waves striking a target in an experiment.

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Diffrailed Beam

The beam that is scattered or diffracted after interacting with a material.

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Rutherford's Relation

A mathematical relationship connecting the angles of incident and diffracted beams in scattering experiments.

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Scattering Cross Section

A measure of the probability of scattering of particles when they interact with a target.

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Diffraction Grating

An optical component with a regular pattern that splits and diffracts light into several beams.

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Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS)

A technique used to analyze the elemental composition of materials by detecting X-rays.

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Cathodoluminescence

Light emission from materials when bombarded by electrons.

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Raman Spectroscopy

An optical technique that uses inelastic scattering of monochromatic light to study vibrational, rotational, and other low-frequency modes.

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Bohr Model

A model explaining atomic structure using quantized energy levels.

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Stimulated Emission

Emission of light stimulated by incoming photons, amplifying the light.

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Spontaneous Emission

Naturally occurring emission of light by excited atoms or molecules.

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Raman Effect

Light scattering phenomenon giving information about molecular energy levels.

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Energy Density

Amount of radiant energy per unit volume at certain frequencies.

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LED Bulb Efficiency

LED bulb efficiency is 100%, meaning all input energy is converted into light.

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Photon Energy

The energy of one mole of photons is 199.5 KJ.

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Power of Bulb

The power of the bulb is 5 watts, indicating energy output rate.

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Total Energy Per Hour

In one hour, the bulb consumes 18 KJ of energy.

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Time to Create One Mole

It takes 11 hours to create one mole of photons with this bulb.

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Study Notes

Diffraction & Spectroscopy

  • Semiconductors and Spectroscopy: Spectroscopy plots intensity/amplitude versus energy/frequency/wavelength. This is studied in semiconductors.
  • Solids, Liquids, and Gases: Diffraction is observed in these states of matter.
  • X-ray and Electron Diffraction: X-ray and electron diffraction are used in materials science to study crystal structures. Bragg's law (ηλ = 2dsinθ) describes constructive and destructive interference patterns associated with crystal structures. These patterns depend on materials state and cooling rates. For example: amorphous vs crystalline ice.
  • Electromagnetic Waves: Electromagnetic waves consist of oscillating electric and magnetic fields. A changing electric field produces a changing magnetic field.

Properties of Electromagnetic Waves

  • Amplitude: The maximum strength of the wave.
  • Wavelength: The distance between successive points on the wave.
  • Frequency: The number of waves passing a point per second.
  • Speed: Constant (3x108 m/s) in a vacuum, independent of frequency or wavelength.

Electromagnetic Wave Equations in Free Space

  • Equations for electromagnetic waves in free space are derived using Faraday's law and Gauss's law for electric fields. These equations allow the prediction of wave behavior.

Spectroscopy

  • UV-Vis Spectra: Spectroscopy plots intensity vs. wavelength/frequency. Useful for studying solids, liquids, and gases. The peaks shift based on particle size.
  • UV-Vis Spectroscopy: UV-visible spectroscopy involves measuring the absorption or transmission of light by various types of materials.

Additional Concepts

  • Ineslastic and Elastic Processes: Processes related to emission and absorption and other types of light interactions.
  • Energy and Wavelength: Energy (E) and wavelength (λ) are inversely related (E=hc/λ), where h is Planck's constant and c is the speed of light. Absorption of light corresponds to an electron changing energy levels.
  • Raman Spectroscopy: A scattering phenomenon where the incident light scatters while losing or gaining energy.
  • Stokes and Anti-Stokes: Raman scattering. Stokes radiation is lower in frequency, while Anti-Stokes is higher.
  • Bohr Model: Electrons orbit within atoms and if light is absorbed or emitted, electrons jump shells.

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