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Religion is a system of ______ and worship
faith
Philosophy focuses on the fundamental nature of ______, reality, and one’s existence
knowledge
Greek philosophy was greatly influenced by three basic ______
assumptions
The Greeks were the first people to acknowledge that ______ enabled human beings to discern facts
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Religion reveres for the mystery and sanctity of religious objects and ______
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Philosophy emphasizes the use of ______ and critical thinking
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Plato was a student of ______
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Socrates believed that evil is a result of ______
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The Socratic Method involves questioning and dialogue to gain true ______
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Plato believed that intellectuals were the best rulers, known as ______-Kings
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Aristotle was a tutor of ______ the Great
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Aristotle believed in reason as the key to understanding knowledge derived from ______ experiences
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______ - It is a record of rabbinic teachings and commentaries on how the commandments of the Torah are to be carried out.
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Pirkei Avot - this text includes stories and sayings from early leaders of Judaism that detail the ethics and morals of the faith. It is also known as the ethics of our ______.
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Dietary Laws Food that is acceptable according to Jewish law and the utensils that may be used are kasher, or ______.
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Foods not acceptable are called ______.
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The Three Main Gods of Hinduism consist of Brahma (the creator of the universe), Vishnu (the preserver of the universe), and Shiva (the ______).
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The ______ contain the oldest and most important texts in Hinduism like hymns, rituals, philosophical discussions, and mantras.
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Karma is a reaction to human actions, influencing an individual's atman (soul), and earning good karma leads to good status in the next life. The Caste System is based upon skin color in relation to the Aryan’s perspective. The darker it is, the lower the caste will be. Mouth - Brahmins (priests, teachers) Arms - Kshatriyas (rulers, warriors) Legs - Vaishyas (landowners, merchants) Feet - Shudras (servants). Moksha is the state of unity of the atman and the Brahman (World soul). It also means liberation from the cycle of rebirth or samsara. An individual may have numerous reincarnations before achieving this. Samsara is the cycle of death and rebirth or the process of reincarnation. One may be born as a high-ranking official or an animal depending on one’s previous deeds. This cycle will continue until a person achieves ________.
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Dharma refers to a person’s true purpose or sense of duty in life. Artha is prosperity, the pursuit of wealth, and material possessions. Kama is derived from ________.
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Buddhism is an Indian religion and philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. Buddhism is a religion that doesn't believe in a supreme god or ________.
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The founder of Buddhism, Siddharta Gautama or Buddha, is considered an extraordinary being, but not a ______.
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Sacred Book Tripitaka (Triple Baskets) is a collection of sacred texts in Buddhism. It contains the teachings of Buddha and rules for ______.
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THE BASIC TENETS OF BUDDHISM Dharma - the universal truth as proclaimed by the Buddha. Karma - refers to the consequences of our intentional actions. Good deeds will bring you positive outcomes while Bad deeds will bring you bad ______.
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Moksha - release of the cycle of death and rebirth. Samsara - a never-ending cycle of birth, existence, and dying. It has 6 realms - gods (deva), demi-gods (asura), humans (manuṣa), animals (tiryak), hungry ghosts (preta), and hell denizens (Naraka) ————————————————————————————————————————————— According to Buddha, for one to attain nirvana, the state of enlightenment, one must recognize the Four Noble Truths and follow the Eightfold Path or Middle Way to avoid suffering in life and achieve the perfect balance in life. Four Noble Truths First noble truth - Life is filled with suffering and sorrow. Second noble truth - The cause of all suffering is people’s selfish desire for the temporary pleasures of this world. Third noble truth - The way to end all suffering is to end all ______.
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According to Buddha, for one to attain nirvana, the state of enlightenment, one must recognize the Four Noble Truths and follow the Eightfold Path or Middle Way to avoid suffering in life and achieve the perfect balance in life. Four Noble Truths First noble truth - Life is filled with suffering and sorrow. Second noble truth - The cause of all suffering is people’s selfish desire for the temporary pleasures of this world. Third noble truth - The way to end all suffering is to end all ______.
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Samsara - a never-ending cycle of birth, existence, and dying. It has 6 realms - gods (deva), demi-gods (asura), humans (manuṣa), animals (tiryak), hungry ghosts (preta), and hell denizens (Naraka) ————————————————————————————————————————————— According to Buddha, for one to attain nirvana, the state of enlightenment, one must recognize the Four Noble Truths and follow the Eightfold Path or Middle Way to avoid suffering in life and achieve the perfect balance in life. Four Noble Truths First noble truth - Life is filled with suffering and sorrow. Second noble truth - The cause of all suffering is people’s selfish desire for the temporary pleasures of this world. Third noble truth - The way to end all suffering is to end all ______.
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Study Notes
Differentiating Religion and Philosophy
- Religion is a system of faith and worship, with rituals and sacred objects, that makes use of reason and faith.
- Philosophy is a discipline that focuses on the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and one's existence, emphasizing the use of reason and critical thinking.
- Both religion and philosophy explore questions like "What is good?", "What does it mean to live a good life?", and "What is the nature of reality?".
Greek Rationalism
- Greek Rationalism is a logical way of thinking, always looking for the truth and not blindly believing in things.
- It was influenced by three basic assumptions: the universe is organized in an orderly way, laws operating in the universe are constant and absolute, and these laws can be understood through logic and reason.
- The Greeks were the first to acknowledge that reason enables human beings to discern facts, accumulate knowledge, make informed decisions, and participate responsibly in governance and other societal processes.
Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle
- Socrates believed that evil is a result of ignorance and that the solution to a problem is to discover one's true nature.
- He formed the Socratic Method, which involves questioning and dialogue to gain true knowledge.
- Plato, a student of Socrates, believed that intellectuals were the best rulers (Philosopher-Kings) due to their superior intelligence.
- Aristotle, a student of Plato, believed in reason as the key to understanding knowledge derived from sense experiences.
Judaism
- The Talmud is a record of rabbinic teachings and commentaries on how the commandments of the Torah are to be carried out.
- Pirkei Avot is a text that includes stories and sayings from early leaders of Judaism that detail the ethics and morals of the faith.
- Dietary laws in Judaism include the concept of kosher (acceptable) and terefah (not acceptable) foods.
Hinduism
- Hinduism is one of the oldest surviving religions, with no founder but a fusion of religious beliefs that developed over thousands of years.
- The Three Main Gods of Hinduism consist of Brahma (the creator), Vishnu (the preserver), and Shiva (the destroyer).
- The core beliefs of Hinduism, such as the caste system, dharma, karma, and others, were consolidated during the Vedic Age.
- Sacred readings and literature of Hinduism include the Vedas, Upanishads, The Mahabharata, The Ramayana, and The Bhagavad Gita.
Basic Tenets of Hinduism
- Dharma is the law guiding right behavior and social order.
- Karma is a reaction to human actions, influencing an individual's atman (soul), and earning good karma leads to good status in the next life.
- The Caste System is based on skin color, with the darker the skin, the lower the caste.
- Moksha is the state of unity of the atman and the Brahman (World soul), and liberation from the cycle of rebirth or samsara.
Buddhism
- Buddhism is an Indian religion and philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha.
- It does not believe in a supreme god or deity, but focuses on achieving enlightenment, a state of inner peace and wisdom.
- The founder of Buddhism, Siddharta Gautama or Buddha, is considered an extraordinary being, but not a god.
- The sacred book of Buddhism is the Tripitaka (Triple Baskets), which contains the teachings of Buddha and rules for monks.
Basic Tenets of Buddhism
- Dharma refers to the universal truth as proclaimed by the Buddha.
- Karma refers to the consequences of our intentional actions, with good deeds bringing positive outcomes and bad deeds bringing bad outcomes.
- The Four Noble Truths are: life is filled with suffering, the cause of suffering is people's selfish desires, the way to end suffering is to end all desires, and the path to the end of suffering is the Eightfold Path.
- The Eightfold Path, or Middle Way, is the path to achieving nirvana, or enlightenment, by recognizing the Four Noble Truths and avoiding suffering in life.
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Description
Explore the distinctions between religion and philosophy, including their characteristics, beliefs, and practices. Learn about the systems of faith and worship in religion, as well as the focus on knowledge and reality in philosophy.
