Regulation of gene expression
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of differential gene expression in eukaryotes?

  • To ensure all genes are expressed
  • To produce different cell types (correct)
  • To regulate development
  • To produce identical cells

    • What percentage of genes are expressed in a typical human cell at any given time?

  • 100%
  • 80%
  • 50%
  • 20% (correct)

    • What is the purpose of gene regulation in eukaryotes?

  • To regulate development and cell specialization (correct)
  • To ensure all genes are expressed
  • To code for proteins only
  • To produce identical cells

    • What is the approximate percentage of DNA that codes for proteins?

    <p>1.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of abnormalities in gene expression?

    <p>Diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of differential gene expression in an organism?

    <p>To produce different cell types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the remaining DNA that does not code for proteins?

    <p>It codes for RNA products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of almost all cells in an organism?

    <p>Genetically identical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the proteasome in protein degradation?

    <p>To bind to protein molecules and degrade them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of attaching ubiquitin to a protein molecule?

    <p>To mark the protein for degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the addition of chemical groups to proteins to form glycoproteins and lipoproteins primarily occur?

    <p>RER</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of DNA codes for proteins?

    <p>1.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of non-coding RNAs in gene expression?

    <p>To regulate gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are long-lived proteins primarily degraded?

    <p>Lysosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of attaching ubiquitin to a protein molecule?

    <p>Ubiquitination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size of the proteasome?

    <p>26S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of non-coding DNA?

    <p>To regulate gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of microRNAs on mRNA?

    <p>They can either degrade mRNA or block its translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of small interfering RNAs?

    <p>To inhibit gene expression by RNA interference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between miRNA and siRNA in terms of base pairing with target mRNA?

    <p>miRNA has incomplete base pairing, while siRNA has complete base pairing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of chromatin modification by siRNAs?

    <p>Heterochromatin formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the function of miRNAs and siRNAs?

    <p>miRNAs inhibit translation, while siRNAs cause mRNA degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of small interfering RNAs?

    <p>Double-stranded RNA molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hairpin structure in miRNA biogenesis?

    <p>A primary miRNA transcript</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of transcription factors?

    <p>To help RNA polymerase II to initiate transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of proximal control elements?

    <p>To regulate transcription by binding to transcription factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the promoter typically located in a eukaryotic gene?

    <p>Upstream of the gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of activators in transcription?

    <p>To stimulate specific gene transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Poly-A signal sequence?

    <p>To add a poly-A tail to the mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between proximal and distal control elements?

    <p>Proximal control elements are located close to the promoter, while distal control elements are located far away from the gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of RNA polymerase II?

    <p>To help initiate transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of repressors in transcription?

    <p>To inhibit transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the tumour suppressor gene p53?

    <p>To initiate DNA repair and induce G1 arrest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of histone acetylation in gene expression regulation?

    <p>To relax chromatin structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of genes are HER-2 and Ras?

    <p>Oncogenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of RNA processing in gene expression regulation?

    <p>To modify the RNA molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 in DNA repair?

    <p>To repair double-strand breaks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the MAPK pathway protein Ras?

    <p>To transmit signals from growth factor receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of regulation occurs in prokaryotic gene expression?

    <p>Operon regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of genetic changes that affect the cell cycle?

    <p>Increased risk of cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of transcription factors in eukaryotic gene expression?

    <p>To help RNA polymerase II to initiate transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of enhancers in eukaryotic gene expression?

    <p>To stimulate specific gene transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are proximal control elements typically located in a eukaryotic gene?

    <p>Close to the promoter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of activators in transcription?

    <p>To stimulate specific gene transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Poly-A signal sequence in RNA processing?

    <p>To add a poly-A tail to the 3' end of mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of RNA polymerase II in eukaryotic gene expression?

    <p>To initiate transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of transcription factor binding to a specific control element?

    <p>Stimulation of specific gene transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for gene expression regulation in multicellular eukaryotes?

    <p>To regulate development and cell specialization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of RNA molecules in gene expression regulation?

    <p>They play many roles in regulating gene expression in eukaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of gene expression regulation in organisms?

    <p>To regulate development and cell specialization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between gene expression regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

    <p>Eukaryotes have a more complex gene expression regulation system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of abnormalities in gene expression?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of non-coding RNAs in gene expression regulation?

    <p>They play a role in regulating gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chromatin structure regulation in gene expression?

    <p>To regulate transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of p53 in the cell cycle?

    <p>To prevent damaged cells from replicating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when DNA damage is detected at the checkpoints?

    <p>Cell cycle arrest occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of CDK inhibitors?

    <p>To inhibit CDK kinase activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of mutations in the p53 gene?

    <p>Uncontrolled cell proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of tumour suppressor genes in the cell cycle?

    <p>To regulate cell cycle progression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if DNA damage cannot be repaired?

    <p>Apoptosis is induced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Rb in the cell cycle?

    <p>To regulate cell cycle progression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of translocation of DNA within the genome in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)?

    <p>Insertion of DNA downstream of an active promoter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of inserting an active promoter into a gene?

    <p>Increasing the transcription of the gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a point mutation in a proto-oncogene?

    <p>A hyperactive or degradation-resistant protein is produced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fusion of in the Philadelphia chromosome?

    <p>Gene ABL and gene BCR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of translocation of a proto-oncogene?

    <p>The gene is transcriptionally activated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of gene amplification within a control element?

    <p>An increase in the expression of the gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the promoter in gene transcription?

    <p>To initiate the transcription of the gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the tumour suppressor gene Rb?

    <p>G1 arrest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following genes is involved in DNA repair?

    <p>BRCA-1 and BRCA-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of histone acetylation in gene expression regulation?

    <p>Regulation of chromatin structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the oncogene Ras?

    <p>MAPK pathway protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of oncogenes in cancer development?

    <p>Promoting cell cycle progression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of eukaryotic gene expression regulation?

    <p>Regulation of chromatin structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the tumour suppressor gene p53?

    <p>DNA repair and G1 arrest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of noncoding RNAs in gene expression regulation?

    <p>Regulation of gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of HER-2?

    <p>Growth factor receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of genetic changes that affect the cell cycle?

    <p>Cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

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