78 Questions
What is the primary function of differential gene expression in eukaryotes?
To produce different cell types
What percentage of genes are expressed in a typical human cell at any given time?
20%
What is the purpose of gene regulation in eukaryotes?
To regulate development and cell specialization
What is the approximate percentage of DNA that codes for proteins?
1.5%
What is the result of abnormalities in gene expression?
Diseases
What is the role of differential gene expression in an organism?
To produce different cell types
What is the function of the remaining DNA that does not code for proteins?
It codes for RNA products
What is the characteristic of almost all cells in an organism?
Genetically identical
What is the primary function of the proteasome in protein degradation?
To bind to protein molecules and degrade them
What is the purpose of attaching ubiquitin to a protein molecule?
To mark the protein for degradation
Where does the addition of chemical groups to proteins to form glycoproteins and lipoproteins primarily occur?
RER
What percentage of DNA codes for proteins?
1.5%
What is the function of non-coding RNAs in gene expression?
To regulate gene expression
Where are long-lived proteins primarily degraded?
Lysosome
What is the term for the process of attaching ubiquitin to a protein molecule?
Ubiquitination
What is the size of the proteasome?
26S
What is the main function of non-coding DNA?
To regulate gene expression
What is the effect of microRNAs on mRNA?
They can either degrade mRNA or block its translation
What is the primary function of small interfering RNAs?
To inhibit gene expression by RNA interference
What is the difference between miRNA and siRNA in terms of base pairing with target mRNA?
miRNA has incomplete base pairing, while siRNA has complete base pairing
What is the result of chromatin modification by siRNAs?
Heterochromatin formation
What is the main difference between the function of miRNAs and siRNAs?
miRNAs inhibit translation, while siRNAs cause mRNA degradation
What is the structure of small interfering RNAs?
Double-stranded RNA molecule
What is the hairpin structure in miRNA biogenesis?
A primary miRNA transcript
What is the primary function of transcription factors?
To help RNA polymerase II to initiate transcription
What is the main purpose of proximal control elements?
To regulate transcription by binding to transcription factors
Where is the promoter typically located in a eukaryotic gene?
Upstream of the gene
What is the role of activators in transcription?
To stimulate specific gene transcription
What is the purpose of the Poly-A signal sequence?
To add a poly-A tail to the mRNA
What is the difference between proximal and distal control elements?
Proximal control elements are located close to the promoter, while distal control elements are located far away from the gene
What is the function of RNA polymerase II?
To help initiate transcription
What is the role of repressors in transcription?
To inhibit transcription
What is the function of the tumour suppressor gene p53?
To initiate DNA repair and induce G1 arrest
What is the primary function of histone acetylation in gene expression regulation?
To relax chromatin structure
What type of genes are HER-2 and Ras?
Oncogenes
What is the purpose of RNA processing in gene expression regulation?
To modify the RNA molecule
What is the role of BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 in DNA repair?
To repair double-strand breaks
What is the primary function of the MAPK pathway protein Ras?
To transmit signals from growth factor receptors
What type of regulation occurs in prokaryotic gene expression?
Operon regulation
What is the result of genetic changes that affect the cell cycle?
Increased risk of cancer
What is the function of transcription factors in eukaryotic gene expression?
To help RNA polymerase II to initiate transcription
What is the purpose of enhancers in eukaryotic gene expression?
To stimulate specific gene transcription
Where are proximal control elements typically located in a eukaryotic gene?
Close to the promoter
What is the role of activators in transcription?
To stimulate specific gene transcription
What is the function of the Poly-A signal sequence in RNA processing?
To add a poly-A tail to the 3' end of mRNA
What is the purpose of RNA polymerase II in eukaryotic gene expression?
To initiate transcription
What is the result of transcription factor binding to a specific control element?
Stimulation of specific gene transcription
What is the primary reason for gene expression regulation in multicellular eukaryotes?
To regulate development and cell specialization
What is the role of RNA molecules in gene expression regulation?
They play many roles in regulating gene expression in eukaryotes
What is the primary function of gene expression regulation in organisms?
To regulate development and cell specialization
What is the main difference between gene expression regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Eukaryotes have a more complex gene expression regulation system
What is the result of abnormalities in gene expression?
All of the above
What is the role of non-coding RNAs in gene expression regulation?
They play a role in regulating gene expression
What is the primary function of chromatin structure regulation in gene expression?
To regulate transcription
What is the role of p53 in the cell cycle?
To prevent damaged cells from replicating
What happens when DNA damage is detected at the checkpoints?
Cell cycle arrest occurs
What is the function of CDK inhibitors?
To inhibit CDK kinase activity
What is the consequence of mutations in the p53 gene?
Uncontrolled cell proliferation
What is the role of tumour suppressor genes in the cell cycle?
To regulate cell cycle progression
What happens if DNA damage cannot be repaired?
Apoptosis is induced
What is the role of Rb in the cell cycle?
To regulate cell cycle progression
What is the result of translocation of DNA within the genome in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)?
Insertion of DNA downstream of an active promoter
What is the effect of inserting an active promoter into a gene?
Increasing the transcription of the gene
What is the result of a point mutation in a proto-oncogene?
A hyperactive or degradation-resistant protein is produced
What is the fusion of in the Philadelphia chromosome?
Gene ABL and gene BCR
What is the effect of translocation of a proto-oncogene?
The gene is transcriptionally activated
What is the result of gene amplification within a control element?
An increase in the expression of the gene
What is the role of the promoter in gene transcription?
To initiate the transcription of the gene
What is the primary function of the tumour suppressor gene Rb?
G1 arrest
Which of the following genes is involved in DNA repair?
BRCA-1 and BRCA-2
What is the role of histone acetylation in gene expression regulation?
Regulation of chromatin structure
What is the primary function of the oncogene Ras?
MAPK pathway protein
What is the role of oncogenes in cancer development?
Promoting cell cycle progression
Which of the following is a characteristic of eukaryotic gene expression regulation?
Regulation of chromatin structure
What is the primary function of the tumour suppressor gene p53?
DNA repair and G1 arrest
What is the role of noncoding RNAs in gene expression regulation?
Regulation of gene expression
What is the primary function of HER-2?
Growth factor receptor
What is the result of genetic changes that affect the cell cycle?
Cancer
Explore the regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes, including its role in development and cell specialization. Learn how differential gene expression leads to different cell types with the same genome. Test your knowledge of this crucial biological process!
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
