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The differential diagnosis for abdominal pain can be classified as either acute or ____, based upon the length of time of the pain.
The differential diagnosis for abdominal pain can be classified as either acute or ____, based upon the length of time of the pain.
chronic
The four categories of the causes of acute abdominal pain are (1) inflammation, including appendicitis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, and ____.
The four categories of the causes of acute abdominal pain are (1) inflammation, including appendicitis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, and ____.
diverticulitis
The five categories of causes of chronic abdominal pain are (1) inflammation, including peptic ulcer disease, esophagitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and chronic ____.
The five categories of causes of chronic abdominal pain are (1) inflammation, including peptic ulcer disease, esophagitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and chronic ____.
pancreatitis
The second main symptom of gastrointestinal pathology is ____.
The second main symptom of gastrointestinal pathology is ____.
The diagnosis of the source of an upper gastrointestinal bleed is often made by ______
The diagnosis of the source of an upper gastrointestinal bleed is often made by ______
Melena (i.e., black, tarry stool) is most often due to upper gastrointestinal ____.
Melena (i.e., black, tarry stool) is most often due to upper gastrointestinal ____.
The differential diagnosis of lower gastrointestinal bleeding includes a rapid upper gastrointestinal bleed, diverticulosis, infections (e.g., Salmonella, Shigella), cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, and anal fissures or ______
The differential diagnosis of lower gastrointestinal bleeding includes a rapid upper gastrointestinal bleed, diverticulosis, infections (e.g., Salmonella, Shigella), cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, and anal fissures or ______
Most diseases in the stomach are inflammatory (infectious) or ______
Most diseases in the stomach are inflammatory (infectious) or ______
Inflammatory diseases (various forms of gastritis) may follow circulatory changes, autoimmune disorders, or infection (e.g., Helicobacter pylori ______)
Inflammatory diseases (various forms of gastritis) may follow circulatory changes, autoimmune disorders, or infection (e.g., Helicobacter pylori ______)
Gastritis can be caused by irritation due to excessive alcohol use, chronic vomiting, stress, or the use of certain medications such as aspirin or other anti-inflammatory ______
Gastritis can be caused by irritation due to excessive alcohol use, chronic vomiting, stress, or the use of certain medications such as aspirin or other anti-inflammatory ______
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Study Notes
Differential Diagnosis of Abdominal Pain
- Abdominal pain can be classified as either acute or chronic, based on the duration of the pain.
- Four categories of causes of acute abdominal pain:
- Inflammation (e.g., appendicitis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, diverticulitis)
- Perforation
- Obstruction
- Vascular disease (e.g., acute ischemia, ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm)
- Five categories of causes of chronic abdominal pain:
- Inflammation (e.g., peptic ulcer disease, esophagitis, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic pancreatitis)
- Vascular disease (e.g., chronic ischemia)
- Metabolic disease (e.g., porphyria)
- Abdominal wall pain
- Functional causes (e.g., irritable bowel syndrome)
Symptoms of Gastrointestinal Bleeding
- Characteristics of blood can help identify the source of bleeding:
- Hematemesis (vomiting of bright red blood): proximal to the ligament of Treitz
- Melena (black, tarry stool): upper gastrointestinal bleeding
- Hematochezia (bright red blood per rectum): lower gastrointestinal bleeding or rapid upper gastrointestinal bleeding
- Differential diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal bleeding:
- Gastritis
- Esophageal varices
- Peptic ulcer disease
- Diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal bleeding is often made by endoscopy
- Differential diagnosis of lower gastrointestinal bleeding:
- Rapid upper gastrointestinal bleeding
- Diverticulosis
- Infections (e.g., Salmonella, Shigella)
- Cancer
- Inflammatory bowel disease
- Anal fissures or hemorrhoids
- Diagnosis of lower gastrointestinal bleeding is often determined by flexible sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy
Gastritis
- Gastritis is an inflammatory disease that affects the stomach lining or mucosa
- Acute and chronic gastritis differ etiologically and morphologically
- Causes of gastritis:
- Infection (e.g., H. pylori)
- Chemical injury (e.g., aspirin, NSAIDs, alcohol, steroids)
- Autoimmunity
- Circulatory changes (e.g., stress, sepsis, shock)
- Characteristics of gastritis:
- Acute gastritis: commonly erosive, hemorrhagic, or both
- Chronic gastritis: ranges from mild, superficial to severe, atrophic with intestinal metaplasia and increased risk of gastric cancer
Symptoms of Gastritis
- Symptoms of gastritis vary among individuals, and many people have no symptoms
- Common symptoms include:
- Nausea or recurrent upset stomach
- Abdominal bloating
- Abdominal pain
- Vomiting
- Indigestion
- Burning or gnawing feeling in the stomach between meals or at night
- Hiccups
- Loss of appetite
- Vomiting blood
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