Differences Between Nightmares and Night Terrors

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What is the main reason for the perplexity surrounding personalities?

The historical variability in defining personalities

The socially constructed nature of most personality traits (correct)

The lack of scientific evidence supporting personality theories

The influence of society on individual characteristics

Which group of theories reflects the goal of understanding people and emphasizing free will?

Psychodynamic and Psychoanalytic Theories (correct)

Behavioral and Social Learning Theories

Trait Theories

Cognitive Theories

What is a key factor in determining the best theory among personality theories?

Consistency with cultural norms

Empirical evidence

Historical relevance

Subjective opinion and situational context (correct)

Which of the following components of theories cannot be tested or proven?

Assumptions (Premises) Signup and view all the answers

Which criterion for evaluating theories focuses on whether they can be tested and potentially disproven?

Is it theoretically falsifiable? Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a criterion for evaluating theories discussed in the text?

Weighing the popularity of the theory Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between nightmares and night terrors?

Nightmares are more common in adults. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it difficult to recall dreams we have while asleep?

People are generally unmotivated to remember dreams. Signup and view all the answers

What can help in remembering dreams according to the text?

Consistent practice of dream recall techniques can improve memory of dreams. Signup and view all the answers

What is the view of psychotherapists on dream meanings?

Psychotherapists find dream meanings highly significant. Signup and view all the answers

If someone asked you how to interpret dreams, what advice would you give based on the text?

Advise paying attention to dreams, using emotions as a guide for interpretation. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it perplexing that we even have personalities based on the text?

The variability and complexity of personalities raise questions about their existence. Signup and view all the answers

What is one piece of evidence supporting the existence of a dynamic unconscious, as described in the text?

Repression as a stress mechanism to forget something stressful. Signup and view all the answers

Which system involves fast, non-verbal information processing outside of consciousness?

System 1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of defense mechanisms, as mentioned in the text?

To reduce anxiety through unconscious strategies Signup and view all the answers

In what way does System 2 differ from System 1 in the Dual Processing Theory?

System 2 is conscious, deliberate, and slower. Signup and view all the answers

What role does self-agency play in determining free will?

Self-agency establishes free will. Signup and view all the answers

How does the Dual Processing Theory help explain trauma and childhood memories?

By describing various ways the brain handles situations Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary difference between the biomedical model and the biopsychosocial model?

The relationship between causes and treatments Signup and view all the answers

Which problem with the biomedical model is NOT addressed by the biopsychosocial model?

Physicians are at the core of the medical community Signup and view all the answers

In what way does the biopsychosocial model challenge the traditional view of causality in medicine?

By accepting that causality is not tidy or linear Signup and view all the answers

Why is inferring causes from treatment effectiveness considered a logical error?

Because causes can be multifaceted and not directly related to treatments Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the relationship between physical factors and psychological well-being?

Physical factors affecting psychological well-being can be intricate and interconnected Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of the biopsychosocial model that has not been well integrated into our health system?

The acceptance of multiple factors influencing health outcomes Signup and view all the answers

Why do we need to be cautious in interpreting the data that is cited as evidence for psychological problems being at the root physical disease?

The data may be correlational and not imply causation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a relative difference between physical disease and psychological problems?

Longer duration in psychological problems Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the relationship between the biopsychosocial model and the distinction between physical disease and psychological problems?

The biopsychosocial model integrates physical, psychological, and social factors but still acknowledges differences between them. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes necessary causes from sufficient causes in the context of psychological problems?

Necessary causes must always occur for an effect to happen; sufficient causes increase the likelihood of an effect but are not required. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following causes are necessary for at least one type of psychological problem?

Genetics Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cause(s) are considered sufficient for causing psychological problems?

Environmental stressors Signup and view all the answers