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Questions and Answers
What is one of the main purposes of the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)?
What is one of the main purposes of the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)?
- To promote weight loss diets
- To prevent deficiency diseases (correct)
- To encourage the consumption of processed foods
- To provide a standard for meal preparation
Which of the following is not one of the DRI standards for most nutrients?
Which of the following is not one of the DRI standards for most nutrients?
- Maximum Dietary Intake (MDI) (correct)
- Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
- Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
- Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
Which DRI standard specifically targets the intake of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins?
Which DRI standard specifically targets the intake of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins?
- Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) (correct)
- Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
- Adequate Intake (AI)
- Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)
What skill does learning how to cook help to foster according to the content?
What skill does learning how to cook help to foster according to the content?
What aspect of nutrition education does learning about nutrition primarily fall under?
What aspect of nutrition education does learning about nutrition primarily fall under?
Which of the following nutrients are prominently found in fruits and vegetables?
Which of the following nutrients are prominently found in fruits and vegetables?
What is a characteristic of seeds such as sunflower and pumpkin?
What is a characteristic of seeds such as sunflower and pumpkin?
Why are fruits described as nature's perfect food?
Why are fruits described as nature's perfect food?
What is primarily measured using the palm of the hand?
What is primarily measured using the palm of the hand?
Which of the following statements is true about atoms and matter?
Which of the following statements is true about atoms and matter?
How does the human body relate to elements on the periodic table?
How does the human body relate to elements on the periodic table?
Which type of vegetables is characterized as storage organs for energy?
Which type of vegetables is characterized as storage organs for energy?
What is the approximate percentage of elements on the periodic table that are essential for life?
What is the approximate percentage of elements on the periodic table that are essential for life?
What is one of the primary functions of epithelial cells in the digestive tract?
What is one of the primary functions of epithelial cells in the digestive tract?
How is chyme formed during digestion?
How is chyme formed during digestion?
What role do villi play in the small intestine?
What role do villi play in the small intestine?
What happens if the epithelial cells of the small intestine are not replaced properly?
What happens if the epithelial cells of the small intestine are not replaced properly?
What is the primary process through which plants convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose?
What is the primary process through which plants convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose?
What is released as a by-product of photosynthesis?
What is released as a by-product of photosynthesis?
Which vessels absorb water-soluble nutrients from the digestive system?
Which vessels absorb water-soluble nutrients from the digestive system?
Which unit is commonly used to measure the energy stored in food?
Which unit is commonly used to measure the energy stored in food?
What type of nutrient enters the lymphatic system during absorption?
What type of nutrient enters the lymphatic system during absorption?
Which of the following best describes the function of mucus in the digestive system?
Which of the following best describes the function of mucus in the digestive system?
How many calories does one kilocalorie equal?
How many calories does one kilocalorie equal?
What nutritional component provides the most energy per gram?
What nutritional component provides the most energy per gram?
What is the primary purpose of digestion in the human body?
What is the primary purpose of digestion in the human body?
Which of the following is a method for measuring calories in food?
Which of the following is a method for measuring calories in food?
What is the chemical formula shared by all monosaccharides?
What is the chemical formula shared by all monosaccharides?
How much energy do proteins and carbohydrates provide per gram?
How much energy do proteins and carbohydrates provide per gram?
What is the role of the hepatic portal vein in nutrient delivery?
What is the role of the hepatic portal vein in nutrient delivery?
Where does the process of solid waste elimination primarily occur?
Where does the process of solid waste elimination primarily occur?
What is the primary function of the gut microbes in the large intestine?
What is the primary function of the gut microbes in the large intestine?
Which accessory organs are directly connected to the small intestine?
Which accessory organs are directly connected to the small intestine?
What is the primary function of capillaries within the liver?
What is the primary function of capillaries within the liver?
What substances produced in accessory organs travel to the duodenum?
What substances produced in accessory organs travel to the duodenum?
What is one benefit of consuming probiotic foods?
What is one benefit of consuming probiotic foods?
Which of the following structures is part of the circulatory system?
Which of the following structures is part of the circulatory system?
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Study Notes
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)
- Quantitative estimates of nutrient intake for healthy people.
- Used to plan and assess diets.
- Historically used to prevent deficiency diseases like scurvy and beriberi.
- Currently used to prevent chronic diet-related diseases like cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.
- Main objectives: Prevent deficiency diseases, reduce chronic disease risk, ensure safe supplement use and fortification.
Six Nutrient Intake Standards
- DRI's for Most Nutrients:
- Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
- Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
- Adequate Intake (AI)
- Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
- The first three target deficiency diseases, while the last one targets supplement use.
- DRI's for Energy and Macronutrients:
- Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)
- Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR)
- Exclusively target carbohydrate, lipid, and protein intake.
Food Guide
- Emphasizes nutrient recommendations and divides them into four food groups.
- Vegetables and fruits have the highest recommended servings per day.
- Hand reading serving sizes:
- Palm: Measure of cooked protein (meat, fish, poultry)
- Fist: Measure of cooked pasta, rice, and vegetables
- Thumb and pointer finger: Measure of lipids (fats) like mayo, oils, and butter.
The Making of Food Calories
- Plants package calories into carbohydrates.
- Photosynthesis combines carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to create glucose.
- Oxygen is released as a byproduct.
- Sunlight's energy is stored within the glucose molecule, specifically in the carbon-hydrogen bonds.
- When our bodies need energy, they break down glucose and release the stored energy.
- Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a byproduct of this breakdown and is exhaled.
Calories
- Found in carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids (energy-yielding nutrients).
- Measured in kilocalories (kcal).
- One kilocalorie is the heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1000 grams of water by 1 degree Celsius.
- 1000 calories = 1 Calorie = 1 Kilocalorie
Energy-Yielding Nutrients
- Carbohydrates (glucose), proteins, and lipids store energy in their carbon-hydrogen bonds.
- Lipids provide more energy per gram than glucose and proteins due to a higher abundance of carbon-hydrogen bonds.
- Both proteins and carbohydrates provide 4 kilocalories per gram.
- Calories in food can be measured using a bomb calorimeter.
Simple Carbohydrates
- Monosaccharides have the same chemical formula (C6 H12 O6).
- The difference in atomic arrangement affects their sweetness.
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