94 Questions
What type of solution is one that contains the dissolved solute in a concentration below that necessary for complete saturation at a definite temperature?
Unsaturated or subsaturated solution
What is solubility defined as in quantitative terms?
The concentration of solute in a saturated solution at a certain temperature
What happens when a supersaturated solution contains more of the dissolved solute than it would normally contain at a definite temperature?
The solute crystallizes out of the solution
What happens to the system between the cooling of the solution and the formation of glucose crystals when there is a higher amount of dissolved glucose than predicted by the solubility limit at 25 °C?
The system becomes supersaturated
What term is used to describe a solution that contains more dissolved solute than is predicted by the solubility limit?
Supersaturated
What factor can affect the solubility of a substance?
Pressure of the solution
What is the significance of the dielectric constant (Ԑ) of a solvent?
It indicates the ability of the solvent to separate two oppositely charged ions
Based on the principle of 'like dissolves like', in which type of solvent would a polar solute dissolve best?
Polar solvent
What type of solvents dissolve ionic solutes and other polar substances?
Polar solvents
What does a series of solvents of increasing polarity show?
An increase in dielectric constant
What effect does a high dielectric constant in polar solvents have on the force of attraction between oppositely charged ions in crystals?
Reduces the force of attraction
In which type of solvent would ionic compounds be practically insoluble?
Non polar solvents
What type of interaction allows polar solvents to solvate molecules and ions?
Ion-dipole interaction forces
Which type of compounds can water dissolve due to hydrogen bond formation?
Phenols, alcohols, and other oxygen & nitrogen containing compounds
How do polar solvents break the covalent bonds of strong electrolytes?
By acid-base reaction
Why are non polar solvents unable to reduce the attraction between ions?
Due to their low dielectric constants
In what way can semipolar solvents bring about miscibility of polar and non polar liquids?
By inducing a certain degree of polarity in non polar solvent molecules
What factor does the solubility of a gas in a liquid depend on according to Henry’s law?
Pressure, temperature, and presence of salts
According to Henry’s law, what happens to the solubility of a gas when the pressure above the solution is decreased?
Decreases
What law states that the concentration of dissolved gas is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the solution at equilibrium?
Henry’s law
What is the formula for calculating the concentration (C2) of dissolved gas according to Henry’s law?
C2 = σ * p
What is the quantitative definition of solubility?
The concentration of solute in a saturated solution at a certain temperature
What happens to a supersaturated solution when it contains more of the dissolved solute than it would normally contain at a definite temperature?
It is unstable and may crystallize over time
What happens to the system between the cooling of the solution and the formation of glucose crystals when there is a higher amount of dissolved glucose than predicted by the solubility limit at 25 °C?
The glucose molecules become less stable
What term is used to describe a solution that contains more dissolved solute than is predicted by the solubility limit?
Supersaturated solution
What affects the solubility of substances in polar solvents?
The dielectric constant of the solvent
In what type of solvent would nonpolar solutes dissolve best?
Nonpolar solvents
What is the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) listing for expressing drug solubility?
Number of ml of solvent in which 1 g of solute will dissolve
What factor largely determines the solubility of a drug in a given solvent?
Dielectric constant of the solvent
What does a series of solvents of increasing polarity indicate?
Increase in dielectric constant
How does branching of the carbon chain in aliphatic alcohols affect water solubility?
Increases water solubility
Which of the following compounds can water dissolve due to hydrogen bond formation?
Alcohols
What type of interaction forces does a polar solvent use to solvate molecules and ions?
Hydrogen bonding forces
What is the effect of a high dielectric constant in polar solvents on the force of attraction between oppositely charged ions in crystals?
It reduces the force of attraction
What type of solvents are practically unable to dissolve ionic compounds?
Non polar solvents
What type of solution includes the solute in a concentration below that necessary for complete saturation at a definite temperature?
Unsaturated solution
What happens to the solubility of a gas in a liquid when the pressure above the solution is decreased?
It decreases
What does Henry’s law state about the concentration of dissolved gas in a liquid?
It is inversely proportional to the partial pressure of the gas
In which type of solvent would ionic compounds be practically insoluble?
Non polar solvents
What factor does the solubility of a gas in a liquid depend on according to Henry’s law?
Concentration of dissolved gas and partial pressure of gas
What type of interaction forces do non polar solvents use to dissolve non polar solutes?
Van der Waals forces
What do semipolar solvents induce in non polar solvent molecules?
A certain degree of polarity
What type of solution includes gases dissolved in liquids?
Gases in liquids
What happens to the solubility of gases as the temperature increases?
It decreases
What is the purpose of immersing a container with a gaseous solution in ice or cold water before opening it in warm climates?
To decrease the temperature and pressure of the gas
What happens when electrolytes are added to gaseous solutions such as carbonated solutions?
It increases the liberation of gases
What is an ideal solution according to Raoult's law?
Cohesive forces = adhesive forces
In which type of liquid-liquid systems does complete miscibility occur?
When adhesive forces between different molecules are greater than cohesive forces between like molecules
What is the term used to describe the mutual solubility of the components in liquid-liquid systems?
Miscibility
How does the addition of a material soluble in only one of the two liquid components affect their mutual solubility?
Decreases mutual solubility
What term is used to refer to the increase in mutual solubility of two partially miscible solvents by another agent?
'Blending'
What type of systems include the most important type of pharmaceutical solutions?
'Solid-liquid systems'
What is an effect of temperature increase on the solubility of gases?
It decreases solubility due to decreased molecular attraction between gas and solvent molecules
How do complete miscibility occur in liquid-liquid systems?
When cohesive forces < adhesive forces between like molecules
What is the quantitative definition of solubility?
The maximum concentration of solute in a saturated solution at a certain temperature
What type of solution is one containing the dissolved solute in a concentration below that necessary for complete saturation at a definite temperature?
Unsaturated solution
What happens to the system between the cooling of the solution and the formation of glucose crystals when there is a higher amount of dissolved glucose than predicted by the solubility limit at 25 °C?
The system is temporarily in a supersaturated state
What is a saturated solution?
A solution with maximum solute concentration
What is the effect of high dielectric constant in polar solvents on the force of attraction between oppositely charged ions in crystals?
It reduces the force of attraction
What type of solvents are unable to form hydrogen bonds with non-electrolytes?
Non-polar solvents
How do polar solvents break the covalent bonds of strong electrolytes?
Through acid-base reaction
What allows polar solvents to solvate molecules and ions?
Dipole interaction forces
Which type of compounds can water dissolve due to hydrogen bond formation?
Compounds containing oxygen and nitrogen
What type of solvents are practically unable to dissolve ionic compounds?
Non-polar solvents
What is the effect of pressure on the concentration of dissolved gas in a liquid according to Henry's law?
The concentration increases with increasing pressure
What does Henry’s law state about the concentration of dissolved gas in a liquid?
It is directly proportional to the pressure
How do semipolar solvents induce a certain degree of polarity in non-polar solvent molecules?
By forming hydrogen bonds with non-polar solvent molecules
What type of solutions include gases dissolved in liquids?
Type I solutions
What type of compounds can non-polar solvents dissolve through weak van der Waals forces?
Non-polar solutes
What factor does the solubility of a gas in a liquid depend on according to Henry’s law?
Pressure
What type of solvents are practically unable to dissolve ionic compounds?
Nonpolar solvents
How does the branching of the carbon chain in aliphatic alcohols affect water solubility?
Increases water solubility
What effect does a high dielectric constant in polar solvents have on the force of attraction between oppositely charged ions in crystals?
Decreases the force of attraction
What factor largely determines the solubility of a drug in a given solvent?
Polarity of the solvent
What does a series of solvents of increasing polarity show?
Increase in dielectric constant
What type of compounds can water dissolve due to hydrogen bond formation?
Polar compounds
What term is used to describe a solution that contains more dissolved solute than is predicted by the solubility limit?
Supersaturated solution
What happens when electrolytes are added to gaseous solutions such as carbonated solutions?
Increase in gas solubility
What factor does the solubility of a gas in a liquid depend on according to Henry’s law?
Temperature and pressure
What happens to a supersaturated solution when it contains more of the dissolved solute than it would normally contain at a definite temperature?
Crystallization occurs
What term is used to refer to the increase in mutual solubility of two partially miscible solvents by another agent?
Cosolvency
What do semipolar solvents induce in nonpolar solvent molecules?
Polarization
What effect does an increase in temperature have on the solubility of gases?
The solubility of gases decreases
When adding electrolytes to gaseous solutions, what happens to the gases in the solution?
They escape from the solution
In liquid-liquid systems, when do complete miscibility occur?
When cohesive forces between like molecules are much greater than adhesive forces between different molecules
What is the term used to describe the mutual solubility of components in liquid-liquid systems?
Complete miscibility
How does the addition of a material soluble in only one of the two liquid components affect their mutual solubility?
It decreases mutual solubility
What type of interaction forces allow polar solvents to solvate molecules and ions?
Hydrogen bonds
What happens to the mutual solubility of a liquid pair when a material soluble in both liquids is added?
It increases
What is the term used to refer to the increase in mutual solubility of two partially miscible solvents by another agent?
Blending
What is an effect of temperature increase on the solubility of gases?
The solubility of gases decreases
What happens to a supersaturated solution when it contains more of the dissolved solute than it would normally contain at a definite temperature?
It forms crystals
In which type of liquid-liquid systems does complete miscibility occur?
Systems showing complete miscibility
What happens when added material is soluble in only one of the two liquid components?
Mutual solubility decreases
Study Notes
Solution Definitions
- A solution that contains the dissolved solute in a concentration below that necessary for complete saturation at a definite temperature is an unsaturated solution.
- A solution that contains more dissolved solute than is predicted by the solubility limit is a supersaturated solution.
Solubility
- Solubility is the maximum amount of a substance that can dissolve in a solvent at a definite temperature.
- Solubility is affected by factors such as temperature and the dielectric constant of the solvent.
Polar Solvents
- Polar solvents dissolve polar solutes and ionic compounds.
- The dielectric constant (Ԑ) of a solvent affects the force of attraction between oppositely charged ions in crystals.
- A high dielectric constant in polar solvents reduces the force of attraction between oppositely charged ions in crystals, allowing for better solubility.
Non-Polar Solvents
- Non-polar solvents dissolve non-polar solutes through weak van der Waals forces.
- Non-polar solvents are unable to form hydrogen bonds with non-electrolytes.
Henry's Law
- Henry's law states that the concentration of dissolved gas is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the solution at equilibrium.
- The formula for calculating the concentration (C2) of dissolved gas according to Henry's law is C2 = k * P2.
- The solubility of a gas in a liquid depends on the pressure above the solution according to Henry's law.
Liquid-Liquid Systems
- Complete miscibility occurs in liquid-liquid systems when the components are mutually soluble.
- The term used to describe the mutual solubility of components in liquid-liquid systems is miscibility.
- The addition of a material soluble in only one of the two liquid components affects their mutual solubility.
Temperature Effects
- An increase in temperature increases the solubility of gases.
- Temperature increase affects the solubility of gases, especially in gaseous solutions such as carbonated solutions.
Pharmaceuticals
- The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) listing for expressing drug solubility is important in pharmaceuticals.
- The solubility of a drug in a given solvent is largely determined by the dielectric constant of the solvent.
This quiz covers the relationship between dielectric constants of solvents and their ability to dissolve ionic compounds. It also explores how polar solvents interact with molecules and ions through dipole interactions.
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