Podcast
Questions and Answers
Why is it crucial to study uncommon blood groups despite their infrequent occurrence in routine pre-transfusion testing?
Why is it crucial to study uncommon blood groups despite their infrequent occurrence in routine pre-transfusion testing?
- Uncommon blood groups are always clinically insignificant.
- Antibodies against these antigens can cause hemolytic reactions. (correct)
- To identify common blood group antigens.
- To ensure compatibility in routine transfusions.
A Venezuelan baby is diagnosed with Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn (HDFN). Further testing reveals the presence of anti-Dia in the mother's serum. Which blood group system is implicated in this case?
A Venezuelan baby is diagnosed with Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn (HDFN). Further testing reveals the presence of anti-Dia in the mother's serum. Which blood group system is implicated in this case?
- YT System
- Dombrock System
- Colton System
- Diego System (correct)
The Diego blood group system's antigens reside on which red cell protein?
The Diego blood group system's antigens reside on which red cell protein?
- Glycophorin A
- Acetylcholinesterase
- Aquaporin 1
- Band 3 (AE1) (correct)
Why is the detection of the Diª antigen significant in determining ancestry?
Why is the detection of the Diª antigen significant in determining ancestry?
The expression of Wra and Wrb antigens is dependent on the interaction of Band 3 with which other red cell protein?
The expression of Wra and Wrb antigens is dependent on the interaction of Band 3 with which other red cell protein?
What does the Wr(a-b-) phenotype indicate regarding Glycophorin A?
What does the Wr(a-b-) phenotype indicate regarding Glycophorin A?
Which characteristic is associated with Diego antigens?
Which characteristic is associated with Diego antigens?
Which Diego system antibody is known to cause severe Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions (HTR)?
Which Diego system antibody is known to cause severe Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions (HTR)?
The YT blood group system derives its name from what source?
The YT blood group system derives its name from what source?
The antigens of the YT blood group system are housed on which enzyme bound in RBC membranes?
The antigens of the YT blood group system are housed on which enzyme bound in RBC membranes?
What is a notable difference in the prevalence of the Yt antigen between different populations?
What is a notable difference in the prevalence of the Yt antigen between different populations?
Which characteristic differentiates the reactivity of YT antigens on cord RBCs compared to adult RBCs?
Which characteristic differentiates the reactivity of YT antigens on cord RBCs compared to adult RBCs?
Which of the following is a characteristic of YT antibodies?
Which of the following is a characteristic of YT antibodies?
The Xg blood group system is associated with genes located on which chromosome?
The Xg blood group system is associated with genes located on which chromosome?
How does inheritance of Xg antigens differ between males and females due to its X-linked nature?
How does inheritance of Xg antigens differ between males and females due to its X-linked nature?
What is the gene product of the ERMAP gene, which is significant in the Scianna blood group system?
What is the gene product of the ERMAP gene, which is significant in the Scianna blood group system?
Which characteristic is associated with Scianna antigens?
Which characteristic is associated with Scianna antigens?
In the Dombrock blood group system, what is the clinical significance of anti-Gya?
In the Dombrock blood group system, what is the clinical significance of anti-Gya?
What is a key similarity between Dombrock and Kidd system antibodies?
What is a key similarity between Dombrock and Kidd system antibodies?
The antigens of the Colton blood group system are carried on which protein?
The antigens of the Colton blood group system are carried on which protein?
How does chloroquine assist in blood banking procedures related to DAT-positive red cells?
How does chloroquine assist in blood banking procedures related to DAT-positive red cells?
A patient with a history of malaria requires a blood transfusion. The transfusion service uses chloroquine to treat the donor red cells. What is the purpose of this treatment?
A patient with a history of malaria requires a blood transfusion. The transfusion service uses chloroquine to treat the donor red cells. What is the purpose of this treatment?
The Landsteiner-Weiner (LW) blood group system antigens are dependent on what?
The Landsteiner-Weiner (LW) blood group system antigens are dependent on what?
Which of the following antibodies is known to occur as an autoantibody?
Which of the following antibodies is known to occur as an autoantibody?
Which of the following antigens are sensitive to treatment by ficin and papain?
Which of the following antigens are sensitive to treatment by ficin and papain?
Which of the following antigens is resistant to ficin and papain?
Which of the following antigens is resistant to ficin and papain?
Which of the following antigens is sensitive to treatment by DTT?
Which of the following antigens is sensitive to treatment by DTT?
Which of the following antibodies may NOT cause HDFN?
Which of the following antibodies may NOT cause HDFN?
A patient is typed and found to be Gy(a-). What does this result indicate?
A patient is typed and found to be Gy(a-). What does this result indicate?
A patient is identified as Co(a-b-). What additional antibody are they most likely to produce?
A patient is identified as Co(a-b-). What additional antibody are they most likely to produce?
Individuals with the Wr(a-b-) phenotype lack what antigen?
Individuals with the Wr(a-b-) phenotype lack what antigen?
What is the function of the RBC adhesion protein Erythroid Membrane Associated Protein?
What is the function of the RBC adhesion protein Erythroid Membrane Associated Protein?
What determines YTa and YTb
What determines YTa and YTb
What effect does chloroquine have on red cells, if any?
What effect does chloroquine have on red cells, if any?
Why are YT antigens not found in RBCs of paroxysmal noctural hemoglobinuria?
Why are YT antigens not found in RBCs of paroxysmal noctural hemoglobinuria?
Anti-YTa antibodies:
Anti-YTa antibodies:
Why is Xga not implicated in HTR or HDN?
Why is Xga not implicated in HTR or HDN?
In the Diego blood group system, how does the interaction between Band 3 and Glycophorin A impact Wr antigen expression?
In the Diego blood group system, how does the interaction between Band 3 and Glycophorin A impact Wr antigen expression?
How does the presence or absence of the Gya antigen relate to the overall Colton system phenotype in individuals with the null phenotype?
How does the presence or absence of the Gya antigen relate to the overall Colton system phenotype in individuals with the null phenotype?
A researcher is studying the expression of YT antigens and observes weak expression on cord blood RBCs compared to adult RBCs. Which of the following best explains this observation?
A researcher is studying the expression of YT antigens and observes weak expression on cord blood RBCs compared to adult RBCs. Which of the following best explains this observation?
How does chloroquine modify RBCs to assist in antibody identification in the blood bank, especially in cases of DAT-positive cells?
How does chloroquine modify RBCs to assist in antibody identification in the blood bank, especially in cases of DAT-positive cells?
A male patient who is Xg(a+) marries a female who is Xg(a-). What are the expected Xg phenotypes of their children?
A male patient who is Xg(a+) marries a female who is Xg(a-). What are the expected Xg phenotypes of their children?
The LW blood group system antigens are carried on which molecule?
The LW blood group system antigens are carried on which molecule?
Which treatment effectively removes LW antigens from red cells?
Which treatment effectively removes LW antigens from red cells?
How can anti-LW and anti-D antibodies be differentiated when both react with red cells?
How can anti-LW and anti-D antibodies be differentiated when both react with red cells?
Which of the following antigens are adsorbed onto the red cell membrane rather than being an integral part of it?
Which of the following antigens are adsorbed onto the red cell membrane rather than being an integral part of it?
The genes responsible for Chido/Rodgers antigens reside on which chromosome?
The genes responsible for Chido/Rodgers antigens reside on which chromosome?
Antigens from this blood group are known to be expressed at birth and are carried on Glycophorin C and Glycophorin D.
Antigens from this blood group are known to be expressed at birth and are carried on Glycophorin C and Glycophorin D.
What is the effect of ficin and papain enzymes on Ge2 and Ge4 antigens of the Gerbich system?
What is the effect of ficin and papain enzymes on Ge2 and Ge4 antigens of the Gerbich system?
Which characteristic is associated with the Leach phenotype in the Gerbich blood group system?
Which characteristic is associated with the Leach phenotype in the Gerbich blood group system?
Which of the following antigens is NOT weakened by AET and DTT?
Which of the following antigens is NOT weakened by AET and DTT?
Which blood group system is associated with Decay Accelerating Factor (DAF)?
Which blood group system is associated with Decay Accelerating Factor (DAF)?
A patient with a Cromer null phenotype is likely to produce which antibody?
A patient with a Cromer null phenotype is likely to produce which antibody?
The antigens of the Knops blood group system are carried on which protein?
The antigens of the Knops blood group system are carried on which protein?
Which characteristic is associated with Knops system antigens?
Which characteristic is associated with Knops system antigens?
What is a common characteristic of antibodies in the Knops blood group system?
What is a common characteristic of antibodies in the Knops blood group system?
The CD44 molecule carries the antigens for which blood group system?
The CD44 molecule carries the antigens for which blood group system?
Which of the following antigens are sensitive to ficin, papain, and DTT?
Which of the following antigens are sensitive to ficin, papain, and DTT?
What is the clinical significance of Anti-Inª antibodies in the Indian blood group system?
What is the clinical significance of Anti-Inª antibodies in the Indian blood group system?
What is the primary function of Basigin protein (CD147) in the OK blood group system?
What is the primary function of Basigin protein (CD147) in the OK blood group system?
Which characteristic is associated with OKª antigen?
Which characteristic is associated with OKª antigen?
The MER2 antigen belongs to which blood group system?
The MER2 antigen belongs to which blood group system?
MER2 antigen expression changes as the red cell matures in what way?
MER2 antigen expression changes as the red cell matures in what way?
Which treatment is MOST likely to destroy MER2 antigen?
Which treatment is MOST likely to destroy MER2 antigen?
Individuals negative for the MER2 antigen may produce which corresponding antibody?
Individuals negative for the MER2 antigen may produce which corresponding antibody?
What is the reported clinical significance of Anti-MER2?
What is the reported clinical significance of Anti-MER2?
Which antigen is NOT resistant to ficin and papain?
Which antigen is NOT resistant to ficin and papain?
A patient with the VERY RARE null LW phenotype has?
A patient with the VERY RARE null LW phenotype has?
A patient that has severe anemia after birth, had an Anti-Ge3 antibody. What blood group system is applicable?
A patient that has severe anemia after birth, had an Anti-Ge3 antibody. What blood group system is applicable?
Which antigen does not have expression expressed in cord cells?
Which antigen does not have expression expressed in cord cells?
A weak Cromer antigen phenotype has?
A weak Cromer antigen phenotype has?
What happens to the D antigen when differentiating between and anti-LW and anti-D antibody?
What happens to the D antigen when differentiating between and anti-LW and anti-D antibody?
How can CH/RG antigens strength differ on different RBCs?
How can CH/RG antigens strength differ on different RBCs?
The Gerbich Blood group system is rich in?
The Gerbich Blood group system is rich in?
Anti-Sla:
Anti-Sla:
OK antigens are resistant to?
OK antigens are resistant to?
If a patient has end stage renal disease, what antibody are they more likely to have?
If a patient has end stage renal disease, what antibody are they more likely to have?
An individual with end stage renal disease tests positive for Anti-MER2 (IgG), and must have a blood transfusion, will cause?
An individual with end stage renal disease tests positive for Anti-MER2 (IgG), and must have a blood transfusion, will cause?
A VERY RARE phenotype that is EXTREMELY rare and only found in one individual and presented congenital dyserythropoietic anemia is?
A VERY RARE phenotype that is EXTREMELY rare and only found in one individual and presented congenital dyserythropoietic anemia is?
Why might the presence of Chido/Rodgers (CH/RG) antigens in plasma complicate antibody identification?
Why might the presence of Chido/Rodgers (CH/RG) antigens in plasma complicate antibody identification?
How does the expression of Knops system antigens typically change on red blood cells after storage?
How does the expression of Knops system antigens typically change on red blood cells after storage?
In the Gerbich blood group system, how does the absence of Glycophorin C and D in the Leach phenotype impact red cell structure?
In the Gerbich blood group system, how does the absence of Glycophorin C and D in the Leach phenotype impact red cell structure?
A patient with a known anti-Ykª antibody requires a blood transfusion. What is the MOST appropriate course of action for the transfusion service?
A patient with a known anti-Ykª antibody requires a blood transfusion. What is the MOST appropriate course of action for the transfusion service?
How does the structural alteration in the Basigin protein (CD147) that defines the OKVM antigen differ from that of the OKGV antigen?
How does the structural alteration in the Basigin protein (CD147) that defines the OKVM antigen differ from that of the OKGV antigen?
What is the protein CD108 associated with in the JMH system?
What is the protein CD108 associated with in the JMH system?
Why are anti-JMH antibodies considered clinically insignificant?
Why are anti-JMH antibodies considered clinically insignificant?
What is a unique characteristic of JMH antigen expression as individuals age?
What is a unique characteristic of JMH antigen expression as individuals age?
What is a notable characteristic of the antibodies found in the Gill system?
What is a notable characteristic of the antibodies found in the Gill system?
What protein carries the antigens of the GIL blood group system?
What protein carries the antigens of the GIL blood group system?
What is crucial for the expression of Rh antigens D, C, and E?
What is crucial for the expression of Rh antigens D, C, and E?
What is the clinical significance of anti-Duclos in the RHAG system?
What is the clinical significance of anti-Duclos in the RHAG system?
What is the primary function of GBGT1 gene in the FORS system?
What is the primary function of GBGT1 gene in the FORS system?
What effect do ficin and papain enzymatic treatments have on FORS1 antigens?
What effect do ficin and papain enzymatic treatments have on FORS1 antigens?
An individual with a higher concentration of FORS1 antigen in their body may be more susceptible to what type of infection?
An individual with a higher concentration of FORS1 antigen in their body may be more susceptible to what type of infection?
What is the effect of treating the Jra with ficin, papain, DTT, and glycine-acid EDTA?
What is the effect of treating the Jra with ficin, papain, DTT, and glycine-acid EDTA?
The ABCB6 gene product is the gene product responsible for which blood group system?
The ABCB6 gene product is the gene product responsible for which blood group system?
Which of the following is true regarding the expression of Lan antigen in different cell types?
Which of the following is true regarding the expression of Lan antigen in different cell types?
What is the potential clinical implication of anti-Lan antibodies?
What is the potential clinical implication of anti-Lan antibodies?
What biochemic treatment is known to affect the Vel antigen?
What biochemic treatment is known to affect the Vel antigen?
What is the clinical significance of anti-Vel?
What is the clinical significance of anti-Vel?
What role does MIRL (membrane inhibitor of lysis) play in complement regulation?
What role does MIRL (membrane inhibitor of lysis) play in complement regulation?
What symptoms are likely to be exhibited by individuals with CD59 deficiency?
What symptoms are likely to be exhibited by individuals with CD59 deficiency?
Which of the following genetic codes is the gene responsible for the Augustine System?
Which of the following genetic codes is the gene responsible for the Augustine System?
Which treatments do NOT affect the Augustine blood group system?
Which treatments do NOT affect the Augustine blood group system?
What are the clinical implications of Anti-Ata?
What are the clinical implications of Anti-Ata?
Which of the following is a low-prevalence antigen in the AUG system, also known as Atª?
Which of the following is a low-prevalence antigen in the AUG system, also known as Atª?
Which of the following antigens is commonly associated with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)?
Which of the following antigens is commonly associated with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)?
Which of the following treatments are utilized in order to remove HLA antigens found on the surface of RBCs?
Which of the following treatments are utilized in order to remove HLA antigens found on the surface of RBCs?
In what form will HLA Class I antigens will be found on RBCs?
In what form will HLA Class I antigens will be found on RBCs?
Which of the following conditions is associated with antibodies against Bennett-Goodspeed antigen?
Which of the following conditions is associated with antibodies against Bennett-Goodspeed antigen?
What best describes ISBT blood group collections?
What best describes ISBT blood group collections?
What best describes the ISBT 700 series?
What best describes the ISBT 700 series?
What is the known percentage of the most random population that constitutes the 700 series?
What is the known percentage of the most random population that constitutes the 700 series?
Which statement accurately describes the ISBT 901 series antigens?
Which statement accurately describes the ISBT 901 series antigens?
Which phrase accurately describes how to find compatible units from the ISBT 901 series?
Which phrase accurately describes how to find compatible units from the ISBT 901 series?
How does the amount of HLA antigens change on RBCs as they mature?
How does the amount of HLA antigens change on RBCs as they mature?
To the mature RBCs that contain HLA antigens, they are given another name. Those antigens are?
To the mature RBCs that contain HLA antigens, they are given another name. Those antigens are?
Which of the following are true regarding the Bennett-Goodspeed antigen
Which of the following are true regarding the Bennett-Goodspeed antigen
Anti-CD59.1 is found in?
Anti-CD59.1 is found in?
How does the expression of JMH antigens typically change as a person ages?
How does the expression of JMH antigens typically change as a person ages?
What is a notable characteristic of the anti-JMH antibodies in terms of clinical significance?
What is a notable characteristic of the anti-JMH antibodies in terms of clinical significance?
The GIL antigen is carried on Aquaporin 3 (AQP3) and is enhanced with ficin and papain. What statement best describes this antigen?
The GIL antigen is carried on Aquaporin 3 (AQP3) and is enhanced with ficin and papain. What statement best describes this antigen?
What is the primary requirement for the expression of Rh antigens D, C, and E?
What is the primary requirement for the expression of Rh antigens D, C, and E?
A patient with CD59 deficiency is MOST likely to exhibit symptoms related to what condition?
A patient with CD59 deficiency is MOST likely to exhibit symptoms related to what condition?
Flashcards
RBC Antigen Diversity
RBC Antigen Diversity
RBCs have different antigens from different blood group systems, making each individual unique.
Why study Uncommon Blood Groups?
Why study Uncommon Blood Groups?
Important for gene production, red cell function, antigen prevalence, antibody detection, and clinical significance due to hemolytic reactions.
Clinically Significant Antibodies
Clinically Significant Antibodies
Antibodies against uncommon blood group antigens that can cause hemolytic transfusion reactions and hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn.
Diego Blood Group System History
Diego Blood Group System History
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Gene responsible for Diego BGS
Gene responsible for Diego BGS
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Function of Band 3
Function of Band 3
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Wright Antigen Expression
Wright Antigen Expression
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Diego Phenotype Prevalence
Diego Phenotype Prevalence
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Diego Antigen Characteristics
Diego Antigen Characteristics
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Anti-Dia, Anti-Dib Significance
Anti-Dia, Anti-Dib Significance
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History of YT System
History of YT System
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Function of AChE bound to RBC
Function of AChE bound to RBC
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AChE role in YT antigens
AChE role in YT antigens
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Gene responsible for YT BGS
Gene responsible for YT BGS
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Difference between YTa and YTb
Difference between YTa and YTb
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YT Antibodies Class
YT Antibodies Class
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Anti-YTa Significance
Anti-YTa Significance
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Xg Chromosomal Arrangement
Xg Chromosomal Arrangement
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Xg Antigen Frequency
Xg Antigen Frequency
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Xg Inheritance Pattern
Xg Inheritance Pattern
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Xg Gene Dosage
Xg Gene Dosage
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SC Gene Product
SC Gene Product
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Dombrock Antibodies Analogy
Dombrock Antibodies Analogy
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Dombrock Antibodies Reactivity
Dombrock Antibodies Reactivity
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History of Colton System
History of Colton System
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Function of Aquaporin 1
Function of Aquaporin 1
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Chloroquine Use
Chloroquine Use
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What is the LW gene product?
What is the LW gene product?
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What characterizes EDTA antibodies?
What characterizes EDTA antibodies?
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What characterizes CH/RG antigens?
What characterizes CH/RG antigens?
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Which gene is responsible for the Gerbich System?
Which gene is responsible for the Gerbich System?
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What is the gene product of Gerbich System?
What is the gene product of Gerbich System?
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Gerbich Antigens Enzyme Sensitivity?
Gerbich Antigens Enzyme Sensitivity?
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Ge3 Enzyme Sensitivity
Ge3 Enzyme Sensitivity
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Anti-Ge2 Characteristics?
Anti-Ge2 Characteristics?
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What gene is responsible for Cromer System?
What gene is responsible for Cromer System?
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What is the gene product of Cromer?
What is the gene product of Cromer?
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Knops Antigens Characteristics
Knops Antigens Characteristics
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Gene for the Knops System?
Gene for the Knops System?
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Knops Antibodies Detection
Knops Antibodies Detection
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What gene is responsible for Indian System?
What gene is responsible for Indian System?
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What is the gene product of Indian?
What is the gene product of Indian?
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What gene is related to OK System?
What gene is related to OK System?
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What is the gene product of OK System?
What is the gene product of OK System?
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Characterize Anti-OKª
Characterize Anti-OKª
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Which gene is associated with the RAPH system?
Which gene is associated with the RAPH system?
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What does CD151 identify?
What does CD151 identify?
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JMH1 Antigen
JMH1 Antigen
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Anti-JMH
Anti-JMH
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GIL Gene Product
GIL Gene Product
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Anti-GIL
Anti-GIL
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RHAG Gene Product
RHAG Gene Product
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RHAG Antigens
RHAG Antigens
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Anti-RHAG Antibodies
Anti-RHAG Antibodies
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FORS System Gene
FORS System Gene
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FORS1 Antigen
FORS1 Antigen
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Anti-FORS1
Anti-FORS1
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JR System Gene
JR System Gene
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ABCG2 Function
ABCG2 Function
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Jra Antigen
Jra Antigen
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Anti-Jra
Anti-Jra
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LAN System Gene
LAN System Gene
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ABCB6 Function
ABCB6 Function
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Lan Antigen
Lan Antigen
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Anti-Lan
Anti-Lan
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Vel System Gene
Vel System Gene
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Vel Antigen
Vel Antigen
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Anti-Vel
Anti-Vel
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MIRL Function
MIRL Function
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CD59 Gene
CD59 Gene
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CD59 Deficiency
CD59 Deficiency
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Augustine Gene
Augustine Gene
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Augustine
Augustine
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Anti-Ata
Anti-Ata
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Study Notes
JMH System
- ISBT symbol is JMH, and the number is 026
- SEMA7A gene is responsible, residing on Chromosome 15
- CD108 is where JMH antigens reside
- JMH1 antigens are found on RBCs, placenta, thymus, and testes
- JMH1 antigens are weak on cord RBCs
- JMH1 antigens are sensitive to ficin, papain, and DTT
- JMH1 antigens are resistant to glycine-acid EDTA
- Additional 5 antigens are found in the JMH system
- Anti-JMH (IgG) antibodies are against JMH1 but generally named Anti-JMH
- Anti-JMH antibodies are reactive at AHG phase/body temperature, often found in high titer
- Weakly reactive and clinically insignificant, and do not cause HTR or HDFN
- Named after John Milton Hagen, the first person who produced the antibody
- JMH1, JMH2, JMH3, JMH4, JMH5, and JMH6 antigens are present
- JMH antigens are not exclusively found on RBCs
- Can be found on placenta, thymus, and testes as well
- JMH antigens expression increases further in adulthood
- The number of antigens declines when you reach 50 years old and above
- Anti-JMH antibodies aren't encountered in individuals who are JMH antigen negative naturally
- These individuals don't have JMH antigens because of decline of antigen amount when they reach elderly stage
- Weak reactions of JMH Antibodies are present
- Placing JMH antigens found in the plasma does not neutralize Anti-JMH Abs in serum
Gill System
- ISBT symbol is GIL, and the number is 029
- AQP3 gene is responsible, residing on Chromosome 9
- Glycerol-transporter Aquaporin 3 (AQP3) is the gene product that carries the GIL antigen
- GIL antigen is carried by AQP3
- GIL antigen is resistant to glycine-acid EDTA and DTT
- GIL antigen is enhanced by ficin and papain
- Member of the major intrinsic protein family of water and glycerol channels
- Anti-GIL antibodies are commonly in the form of IgG, reactive at 37 degrees Celsius, and enhanced by AHG
- Anti-GIL can cause HTR, but not HDFN, with only 1 reported case
Rh-associated Glycoprotein System
- ISBT symbol is RHAG, and the number is 030
- RHAG gene is responsible, residing on Chromosome 6
- No RHAG gene results in Rh null phenotype
- RHAG (Rh-Associated Glycoprotein) is the gene product
- Antigens include Duclos, Ola, DSLK, and RHAG 4
- Antibodies include Anti-Duclos, Anti-Ola, Anti-DSLK, and Anti-RHAG 4
- Does not contain RH antigens itself, and need to be in complex with Rh proteins in order to express Rh antigens such as D, C, and E antigens
RHAG Antigens - High vs Low Prevalence
- High Prevalence RHAG Antigens: Duclos, DSLK, RHAG 4
- Low Prevalence RHAG Antigens: Ola
Antibodies of the RHAG System
- Anti-Duclos, Anti-Ola, Anti-DSLK, and Anti-RHAG 4 are Antibodies of the RHAG System
- Significance is still unknown in HTR and HDFN
- Only 1 case where the antibody caused HDFN
- Significance to transfusion (HTR) is unknown
FORS System
- ISBT symbol is RHAG, and the number is 031
- GBGT1 gene is responsible, residing on Chromosome 9
- Product produces Glycosyltransferase and forms Forssman glycolipid that adds N-Acetylgalactosamine to the P antigen
- The FORS1 antigen is also the receptor for Escherichia coli
- Addition of GalNac (N-Acetylgalactosamine) to P antigen
- Enhanced with ficin and papain and Resistant to DTT and glycine-acid EDTA
- Assigned as Apae, mainly because of its immunodominant sugar
- FORS1 antigen's structure is similar with A antigen, because of the N-acetylgalactosamine
- Anti-FORS1 (IgM) reactive at 4 degrees Celsius with unknown clinical significance
- The higher your FORS1 antigen present in the body, the more susceptible you are to E. coli infection
- Forssman glycolipid not normally expressed in RBCs, but rather found in other tissues; whether healthy or malignant
JR System
- ISBT symbol is JR, and the number is 032
- ABCG2 gene is responsible, residing on Chromosome 4
- Gene product is ABCG2 which is a member of the Adenosine triphosphate binding cassette transporters distributed all throughout the body
- Involved in the multi-drug resistance of tumor cells and problems in chemotherapy
- Antigen is Jra, which was discovered in 1970, named after Rose Jacobs
- Fully-developed at birth
- Resistant to ficin, papain, DTT, and glycine-acid EDTA
- Anti-Jra (IgG) causes HDFN and HTR
LAN System
- ISBT symbol is LAN, and the number is 033
- ABCB6 gene is responsible, residing on Chromosome 2
- The gene product is ATP binding cassette transporter, functions in Heme synthesis
- Expressed on the red cell, but widely expressed in the heart, skeletal muscle, fetal liver, eye, mitochondrial membrane, and Golgi apparatus
- Lan antigen is present approximately 99% of people
- Lan antigen is resistant to ficin, papain, DTT, and glycine-acid EDTA
- Anti-Lan (IgG) causes HTR and mild HDFN
- With the ATP-dependent uptake of heme
- porphyrins into mitochondria
Vel System
- ISBT Symbol: VEL
- ISBT Number: 034
- SMIM1 gene is responsible, residing on Chromosome 1
- Gene Product: SMIM1 is a single-pass integral membrane protein
- Antigen: Vel with characteristics similar to what has been discovered, which Includes
- Enhanced with ficin and papain
- Resistant to DTT and glycine-acid EDTA
- Antibodies: Anti-Vel (IgG [most common] and IgM) which contains characteristics similar to what was described
- Causes HTR and severe HDFN
- Clinically significant
- Abs can activate complement and cause both in vivo and in vitro hemolysis
- Reactivity varies from one red cell to another
- Difficulties in identifying its presence
CD59 System
- ISBT Symbol: CD59
- ISBT Number: 035
- Responsible Gene: CD59 gene
- Gene Product: CD59 is a Membrane inhibitor of lysis (MIRL) AKA (Glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol (GPI) linked complement regulatory glycoprotein)
- Antigens: CD59.1 with characteristics similar to what was mentioned
- Enhanced by enzymes
- Sensitive to DTT
- Associated with PNH (PNH Pxs are deficient in ALL)
- Properties of a GPI linked: The antigen binds with complement and they are all proteins
- Cord RBCs tend to have a stronger reaction with Anti-Lan than do adult cells
MIRL
- Protein for CD59
- plays a key role in protecting against complement-regulated hemolysis by interfering the membrane attack complex (MAC) by inhibiting the binding of C8 and C9
- This type of protein is produced by CD59 gene
- Absence of CD59: a deficiency of MIRL means:
- Red cells in your body are very prone to lysis because the Membrane attack complex (MAC) cannot be inhibit
- No protein interferes with the binding of your complement 8 to complement 9
- Patients with CD59 deficiency will show PNH-like symptoms such as:
- Hemolysis
- Strokes
- Neuropathy
- Antibody: Anti-CD59.1 (IgG)-in-Patients
Augustine System
- ISBT Symbol: AUG
- ISBT Number: 036
- Responsible Gene: SLC29A1 gene
- Gene: Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 2 (ENT2)
- Antigen: Composed of the following
- AUG1, AUG2 (formerly Ata) which contains
Fully developed at birth
Resistant to ficin and papain, DTT, and glycine-acid EDTA
- AUG3 (Newly discovered ANTIGEN)
- Antibody: Includes the following
- Anti-Ata (IgG): Which contains
- AUG1, AUG2 (formerly Ata) which contains
Fully developed at birth
Resistant to ficin and papain, DTT, and glycine-acid EDTA
- Causes severe HTR and mild HDFN (1 case)
- Anti-AUG3: Severely Causes HDFN
- Phenotyping antigen: High prevalence, Augustine, and low prevalence
- High Prevalence
- AUG2
- High Prevalence
- Low Prevalence
- AUG1
- AUG3
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