Diction: Levels of Usage and Exact Word Choice

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Questions and Answers

Which word's meaning is MOST closely related to the Latin root 'vid, vis'?

  • Vocal
  • Invisible (correct)
  • Verbal
  • Audible

A geologist is mapping previously uncharted areas. Which root would be most relevant to her work?

  • phil (G)
  • path (G)
  • ter, terr (L) (correct)
  • tele (G)

If someone is described as 'verbose', which characteristic are they displaying?

  • Using more words than necessary (correct)
  • A tendency to be quiet and reserved
  • A talent for physical activities
  • A love for children

A bicycle has one wheel. Using your knowledge of Greek and Latin roots, what is the MOST likely name for a vehicle with two wheels?

<p>Bicycle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A doctor specializing in the treatment of children MOST likely works in which field?

<p>Pediatrics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following professions directly applies the meaning of the root 'oper'?

<p>A surgeon performing an appendectomy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a company announces it is conducting 'semiannual' reviews, how often are these reviews MOST likely happening?

<p>Both B and C (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can slang words potentially transition into Standard English?

<p>By achieving widespread and common usage over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does scrib or script mean?

<p>To write (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phrase demonstrates the correct use of an English idiom?

<p>Capable of going. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is 'exact diction' important in writing?

<p>It eliminates potential ambiguity and ensures clear communication. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sentences contains an error in idiom usage?

<p>They cannot help but laugh. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A writer wants to describe a situation with precision and avoid any possible misinterpretations. Which of the following should they prioritize in their writing?

<p>Focusing on exact diction to convey a precise meaning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what context would the use of dialectical words be most appropriate?

<p>In casual conversation with people from the same region. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A student is writing an essay for a formal academic context. Which type of language should they generally avoid?

<p>Illiterate or Vulgate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies the evolution of slang into standard English?

<p>A slang term gains widespread acceptance and usage across various contexts over time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it generally discouraged to use 'strained circumlocutions' in writing?

<p>They can obscure the intended meaning and make the writing pretentious. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk associated with peppering writing with needless foreign phrases?

<p>It may alienate or confuse readers unfamiliar with the phrases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should writers guard against using 'hackneyed and stale expressions'?

<p>To maintain originality and avoid clichés that diminish the impact of writing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely effect of consistently using convoluted language and foreign phrases in technical documentation?

<p>Reduced clarity and comprehension for the target audience. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which revision most effectively avoids a trite expression?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what context might the use of a 'strained circumlocution' be most appropriate?

<p>A satirical piece intended to ridicule pretentiousness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following exemplifies the most effective use of clear and direct language, avoiding unnecessary complexity or foreign phrases?

<p>&quot;The company experienced significant growth after implementing the new marketing plan.&quot; (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A writer aims to explain a complex scientific concept to a general audience. Which approach is most suitable?

<p>Balancing simplified explanations with essential technical terms defined in context. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The listed words (aghast, amazed, astonished...) primarily represent what aspect of language?

<p>Semantics, exploring the nuances of word meanings. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might you use the list of words provided (aghast, amazed, astonished...) when writing?

<p>To select a word that precisely matches the intended intensity or tone. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between a thesaurus and a dictionary, according to the text?

<p>A dictionary defines words individually, while a thesaurus groups words by meaning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios would most benefit from the use of a thesaurus?

<p>Finding a more impactful synonym for 'happy' in a poem. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the text emphasize the importance of understanding a word's definition before using it?

<p>To avoid misusing the word and conveying an unintended meaning. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you are writing a formal essay and want to replace the word "important" with a more nuanced term, what should you do before consulting a thesaurus?

<p>Consult a dictionary to confirm the precise meaning of &quot;important&quot;. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The phrase 'constellations of meaning' is used to describe how a thesaurus groups words. What does this suggest about the relationships between words in a thesaurus?

<p>Words are related by varying degrees of similarity, clustered around a central concept. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is using a thesaurus insufficient on its own for selecting the best word in your writing?

<p>A thesaurus only provides synonyms without context, so understanding the subtle differences is crucial. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary recommendation for improving one's vocabulary, according to the provided text?

<p>Reading extensively and consulting a dictionary. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The author warns against being a 'pedantic, pretentious boor.' What behavior does this describe in the context of writing?

<p>Overusing obscure or complex words to appear intelligent. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to consider the 'nuance of meaning' when encountering a new word?

<p>To avoid misusing the word and misleading the audience. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should a writer assume about their audience regarding vocabulary?

<p>Readers have access to dictionaries and can look up unfamiliar words. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the 'tough line to draw' for a writer, as mentioned in the text?

<p>Deciding when to use simpler words versus when to introduce new or complex words. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text imply about the relationship between vocabulary and effective writing?

<p>Effective writing depends heavily on the writer's vocabulary. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider a writer using sophisticated vocabulary primarily to showcase their knowledge, potentially confusing the reader. How would the author of this text likely view this approach?

<p>As a risk of appearing pretentious and undermining clear communication. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Imagine you are teaching a student who is hesitant to use new words they learn for fear of sounding pretentious. Based on the text, what advice would you give them?

<p>Advise them to only use new words when they are absolutely sure of their meaning and relevance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following transformations demonstrates the use of a suffix to change a verb into a noun?

<p>Create -&gt; Creation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A writer aims to describe a situation with a sense of capability. Which word, formed by adding a suffix, would be MOST suitable if the root word is 'response'?

<p>Responsible (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sentences demonstrates the inappropriate use of a complex word where a simpler word would suffice, thus bordering on pretentiousness?

<p>The efficacy of the new policy was immediately apparent. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario would consulting a dictionary for word origins be MOST beneficial?

<p>Understanding the nuances between similar words. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider the sentence: "The politician acted quite friendlily during the debate." Why is friendlily not considered a proper adverb in this context, despite ending in '-ly'?

<p>Because 'friendly' is an adjective, and adverbs should modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, requiring a different form. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A student is preparing for a college entrance exam and wants to improve their vocabulary. Which of the following strategies would be the MOST effective FIRST step, based on the recommendations?

<p>Placing a comprehensive dictionary in a frequently used area at home. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A writer frequently uses words ending in '-ize' and '-ify'. What is the likely part of speech for these words?

<p>Verbs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

While using online resources for vocabulary development, how can one avoid the pitfall of pretentiousness in writing?

<p>By favoring simpler, more common words when they effectively convey the intended meaning. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Thesaurus

A reference book that groups words with similar meanings.

Dictionary

A book that provides definitions of words.

Word definition

Ensure correct understanding before using a word.

Thesaurus groupings

Constellations of meaning.

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Aghast

To be aghast means to be filled with horror or shock.

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Amazed

To be amazed is to be filled with astonishment or wonder.

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Astonished

To be astonished is to be greatly surprised or impressed.

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Astounded

To be astounded is to be shocked or greatly surprised.

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Strained Circumlocution

Using elaborate or complex language to express a simple idea.

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Ordinary Word

A simple, ordinary word choice.

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Entre nous

A phrase used between close friends, meaning 'between us'.

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Joie de vivre

Enjoyment of life; zest for living.

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Faux pas

A social blunder or mistake.

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Sub rosa

Secret or secretly; in confidence.

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Sturm und Drang

Storm and stress; a period of emotional turmoil.

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Trite Rhetorical Expressions

Overused and stale expressions .

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op, oper

Root meaning 'work'.

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path

Root relating to 'feeling'.

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ped

Root signifying 'child'.

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phil

Root meaning 'love'.

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phys

Root referring to 'body' or 'nature'.

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scrib, script

Root meaning 'to write'.

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tele

Root meaning 'far off'.

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ter, terr

Root referring to 'earth'.

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Dialectical words

Words specific to a region, not used nationally.

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Slang

Unconventional, vivid expressions, often new.

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Illiterate (Vulgate)

Usage errors and grammatically incorrect terms

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Idioms

Peculiar language constructions with fixed prepositions.

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Correct Idiom Usage

Using the proper preposition after a verb or adjective.

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Infinitive vs. Gerund

Some words require an infinitive, others a gerund. Knowing which to use is key.

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Exact Diction

Selecting words that precisely convey the intended meaning.

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Unmistakable clarity

Ensuring your message cannot be misinterpreted.

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Vocabulary

Vocabulary is the range of words a person knows and uses.

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Improve Vocabulary

Extensive reading coupled with dictionary use.

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Nuance

Important details or subtle aspects of meaning.

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Pedantic

Someone who shows off their knowledge.

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Pretentious

Trying to impress by showing greater importance or talent than is actually possessed

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Boor

A vulgar and unrefined person.

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Multifarious

Having great variety; diverse.

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Vocabulary Importance

Effectiveness in writing depends heavily on vocabulary.

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Suffixes

Word endings that change a word's meaning and grammatical function.

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Noun Suffixes

Typical suffixes that form nouns.

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Verb Suffixes

Typical suffixes that create verbs.

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Adjective Suffixes

Typical suffixes that form adjectives.

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Adverb Suffix

The most common suffix for creating adverbs.

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Pretentiousness

Using overly complex words to appear intelligent, often unnecessarily.

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Clear Communication

Using words that are easily understood enhances communication.

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Study Notes

  • Diction is about word choice

Levels of Usage

  • Standard English is split into 3 categories
  • Formal English is used in scholarly articles, official documents, and formal letters
  • Informal English is used in books, magazines, newspapers, and business communications
  • Colloquial English is used in familiar conversations
  • Substandard English includes dialectal variations and slang
  • Dialectical words are common to a particular region
  • Slang words are unconventional expressions that may eventually become Standard English

Illiterate Language

  • Idioms are language peculiarities that require fixed prepositions
  • Some idioms require specific infinitives or gerunds

Exact Diction

  • Choose words precisely to convey your meaning and avoid misunderstanding

Choosing Words

  • Use specific words over general terms
  • Use specific verbs that signify the specific action
  • Avoid using verbs that are too explosive for their context
  • Avoid using the passive voice unless the doer of the action is unknown
  • Avoid jargon to sound authoritative; be direct
  • Choose words with the connotation required by the context

Effective Diction

  • Write with language that is easy and pleasant
  • Keep your diction natural and sincere
  • Be direct and concise
  • Use unhackneyed phrases
  • Avoid needless technical language

Pretentious Language

  • Avoid pretentious language to appear sincere
  • Do not try to achieve originality by avoiding ordinary words
  • Do not use needless foreign words

Avoid Using Hack Expressions

  • Avoid clichés, hackneyed quotations, literary allusions, and proverbs
  • Avoid technical terms when writing for a general audience

Appropriate Figures of Speech

  • Use fresh rather than mixed figures of speech to add color and vividness to writing

Awkward Repetitions

  • Avoid needlessly repeating words or sounds

Vocabulary

  • Building vocabulary helps you express yourself and understand others
  • To make your vocabulary personal, write down unfamiliar words from readings, define them, and use them in a sentence
  • Review vocabulary words regularly until comfortable using them
  • Read books that group words by meaning
  • Newspapers often have articles that explore meanings of words and phrases
  • Play dictionary games with your family to learn new words
  • Use a thesaurus, which groups words by meaning, to find the right word
  • Online resources include the Merriam-Webster Dictionary and the Plumb Design Visual Thesaurus

Knowing the Roots

  • Knowing Greek and Latin roots can help understand word meanings
  • "Sophomore" combines "sopho" (knowledge) and "moron"
  • "Philanthropy" combines "phil" (love) and "anthropy" (humankind)
  • Common Greek and Latin roots include aster/astr (star), audi (to hear), bene (good), bio (life), dic/dict (to speak), fer (to carry), fix (to fasten), geo (earth), graph (to write), jur/just (law), log/logue (word/speech), luc (light), manu (hand), and meter/metr (measure)

Prefixes and Suffixes

  • Prefixes and suffixes can help determine the meaning of words
  • Ante means before
  • Prefixes can denote quantity
  • Prefixes can show negation, time, direction, or position
  • Suffixes modify the meaning of a word and often determine its function
  • Noun, verb, adjective, and adverb suffixes can be used to expand your vocabulary

Using a Dictionary

  • Dictionaries should contain extensive definitions, word origins, and notes on usage
  • Using the internet can help in vocabulary development

Pretentiousness

  • Avoid using overly complex words when simpler words suffice
  • Use extensive vocabulary to enhance writing without making others feel powerless

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