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Questions and Answers
What does 'bi-' mean in the context of classification?
What is a species defined as?
Why is classification important?
How is classification using DNA analysis carried out?
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What happens if two organisms have very different DNA base sequences?
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In classification, what is the significance of physical features?
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'Dichotomous key' refers to a tool used for:
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'Fertilization' refers to:
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What is the significance of 'Kingdoms' in classifying organisms?
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How does offspring inheritance relate to classification?
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Study Notes
Animals
- Multicellular organisms that can be divided into two main groups: vertebrates and invertebrates
Vertebrates
- Phylum Chordata
- Include mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish
- Have a backbone
Invertebrates
- No backbone
- Include many groups, such as arthropods, insects, crustaceans, arachnids, and myriapods
Mammals
- Habitat: land and water
- Physical features: hair or fur for insulation, constant internal body temperature
- Fertilization: internal, with eggs fertilized by sperm inside the female's body
- Give birth to live young, which develop inside the mother's body supported by a placenta
- Young are fed on milk by mammary glands
- Some species display extensive parental behavior
Birds
- Habitat: almost every environment and across every continent
- Physical features: feathers, wings, well-developed circulatory system, modified bones
- Fertilization: internal, with eggs fertilized by sperm inside the female's body
- Lay hard-shelled eggs, which develop outside the parent's body
- Significant parental behavior to protect the eggs and young
Reptiles
- Habitat: marine, freshwater, and dry desserts
- Physical features: thick, dry scaly skin, varies with environmental temperature
- Fertilization: internal, with eggs fertilized by sperm inside the female's body
- Lay eggs, which are protected by leathery shells
- Young develop outside the parent's body
Amphibians
- Habitat: spend part of their life in water and part on land
- Physical features: two pairs of legs, gills and tails in tadpoles
- Body temperature: cold-blooded, relies on the environment to maintain body temperature
- Fertilization: external, with males shedding sperm over eggs released by the female
- Young develop from eggs
Fish
- Habitat: marine, freshwater, and river water bodies
- Physical features: streamlined body, fins and tail, swim bladder, scales, operculum
- Body temperature: cold-blooded, relies on the environment to maintain body temperature
- Fertilization: external, with males shedding sperm over eggs released by the female
- Young hatch from eggs and fend for themselves
Ferns
- Physical features: broad, divided leaves called fronds
- Grow as clumps of fronds from the ground
- Some species have a thick trunk
- Method of reproduction: release spores into the air from spore cases under the leaves
Flowering Plants
- Physical features: central stem, side branches, leaves, roots
- Method of reproduction: depends on flowers, male gametes in pollen grain, female gamete in ovule
- Fertilization results in seeds, which are produced in fruits that aid in dispersal or protection
Monocotyledons vs Dicotyledons
- Monocotyledons: single cotyledon, long strap-leaves, parallel veins
- Dicotyledons: two cotyledons, broad leaves, branching veins
Fungi
- Physical features: single-celled or multicelled, hyphae, no chlorophyll
- Obtain nutrients through saprotrophic nutrition, secreting digestive enzymes outside the cells
Prokaryotes
- Physical features: single-celled, microscopic, cells smaller than plants and animals
- No nucleus, genetic material lies free in the cytoplasm
- Examples: bacteria like Salmonella and Mycobacterium
Insects
- Physical features: three body regions, six jointed legs, pair of wings, exoskeleton made of chitin
- Head has sense organs: compound eyes, antennae, chemical detectors
- Some insects have complex social structure with intricate behavior patterns
Protoctists
- Physical features: single-celled, microscopic, eukaryotes
- Have features of animal and plant cells
- Examples: various single-celled organisms
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Description
Explore the concept of dichotomous keys used in taxonomy to identify organisms based on their features. Learn how to navigate through a series of questions leading to the name of the organism by choosing between two descriptions at a time.