Diastereomeric Isomers Quiz

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Which type of salts are formed from strong acids with strong bases?

Moderate Weak Acids

Cyclic amides

Low-molecular weight salts

Highly dissociable salts (correct)

In terms of water solubility, what happens when a salt is formed by a weak acid and a weak base?

It increases the water solubility of a drug

It separates easily in water

It does not dissociate appreciably (correct)

It becomes highly water soluble

What are characteristics of low-molecular weight salts in terms of water solubility?

They are water soluble (correct)

They are highly dissociable

They are cyclic esters

They are water insoluble

How many ionizable functional groups does Tyrosine contain?

3 Signup and view all the answers

Which type of group in Tyrosine is ionizable based on the pH of the environment?

Alkylamine and carb acid groups Signup and view all the answers

What is the pKa range for the ionizable phenolic hydroxyl group in Tyrosine?

9-10 Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cyclic compound is a lactone?

Cyclic ester Signup and view all the answers

What compound is formed by the reaction between HBr and potassium hydroxide (KOH)?

(KBr) Potassium Bromide Signup and view all the answers

Which type of isomers are formed due to restricted bond rotation of C=C and similar systems like imines?

Geometric isomers Signup and view all the answers

What is the more active isomer of triprolidine, indicating a critical distance between the pyridine and pyrrolidine rings for binding to the receptor?

E-isomer Signup and view all the answers

In the context of diastereomers of 1,2-dimethylcyclohexane, what allows for the possibility of conformational isomers?

Significant conformational freedom Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of structure activity relationship (SAR) in drug development?

To analyze a large set of drug analogs and determine patterns leading to stronger interactions Signup and view all the answers

Which type of isomers exhibit significantly different biological activity when the first 2 cyclohexane rings are fused into different configurations?

Steroids Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of developing an activity pattern from a large set of drugs?

To predict the activity of a new drug Signup and view all the answers

What does functional activity at receptors involve?

Recognition or binding between drug and macromolecular receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of modifying functional groups of a lead compound to improve its recognition, affinity, and pharmacokinetic properties?

Lead optimization Signup and view all the answers

How can interactions between drugs and biological systems be modeled?

Using computational chemistry Signup and view all the answers

Where was salicylic acid originally isolated from, leading to its eventual use in treating inflammatory ailments?

Willow trees' bark Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes structure activity relationship (SAR)?

A pattern developed by chemists to help explain drug action based on known knowledge Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the accuracy of models based on current knowledge?

They are subject to limitations and may become inaccurate with new data points Signup and view all the answers

Why is the interaction between drugs and biological systems described as simply recognition or binding?

To highlight the straightforward nature of drug interactions Signup and view all the answers

'All models have limitations' implies that:

'All models' may not accurately represent reality Signup and view all the answers

What is the major pathway for the metabolism of thioesters?

S-dealkylation to hemithioacetals Signup and view all the answers

How is codeine metabolized?

O-demethylation to morphine Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of P450-catalyzed oxidative dehydrohalogenation?

Formation of gem-halohydrin Signup and view all the answers

How does Sevoflurane primarily undergo metabolism?

O-dealkylation to hexafluoroisopropanol Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of azoreductase in liver microsomes?

Reduction of azo compounds to primary amines Signup and view all the answers

What does the oxidative O-dealkylation of ethers resemble in terms of mechanism?

N-alkylation Signup and view all the answers

Which compound is demethylated to yield the anticancer drug 6-mercaptopurine?

$6$-methylthiopurine Signup and view all the answers

What do reactive metabolites like acyl halides and carbonyl halides generated in metabolism reactions do?

React with H2O to form carboxylic acids Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for catalyzing the N-acetylation of arylamines?

N-acetyltransferase (NAT1 and NAT2) Signup and view all the answers

What is the protective mechanism against hepatotoxicity or carcinogenicity that involves detoxifying harmful substances through glutathione conjugation?

Mercapturic acid pathway Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme catalyzes the conjugation of electrophiles with GSH for excretion in bile and urine, playing a role in detoxification?

Glutathione S-transferase (GST) Signup and view all the answers

In drug metabolism, which process involves the transfer of methyl groups to substrates for their inactivation?

Methylation Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is described as the primary site for drug metabolism and elimination?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

What can age-related changes in elderly individuals lead to concerning drug metabolism?

Impaired drug metabolism Signup and view all the answers

How does pregnancy influence hepatic drug metabolism?

By affecting the activity of specific enzymes like CYP3A4, 2A6, 2D6, and 2C9 Signup and view all the answers

What can genetic polymorphisms in drug-metabolizing enzymes lead to?

Differences in drug metabolism rates, affecting drug efficacy and toxicity Signup and view all the answers