Diarrhea Symptoms and Classification
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary site of infection in patients with diarrhea caused by toxin-producing pathogens?

  • Small intestine (correct)
  • Large intestine
  • Mucosal epithelial cells
  • Liver

    • Which of the following pathogens is NOT associated with invasive diarrhea?

  • STEC
  • Clostridium difficile (correct)
  • EAEC
  • Shigella

    • What is the characteristic of diarrhea caused by invasive organisms in the large intestine?

  • Fever and abdominal cramps
  • Watery diarrhea
  • Dysentery-like syndrome (correct)
  • Nausea and vomiting

    • Which of the following underlying chronic gastrointestinal diseases may be unmasked or exacerbated by acute gastroenteritis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Campylobacter jejuni infection?

    <p>Onset of symptoms within 24-72 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for Campylobacter jejuni infection?

    <p>Fluid and electrolytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common complication of enteric infection?

    <p>Irritable bowel syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the usual prognosis of Campylobacter jejuni infection?

    <p>Self-limiting and usually lasts for days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of diarrhea?

    <p>An abnormal increase in stool frequency, liquidity, or weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many bowel movements per day are considered abnormal?

    <p>More than 3 bowel movements per day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of acute diarrhea?

    <p>Less than 14 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk factor for particular infectious diarrheal diseases?

    <p>Attendance or employment at day care centers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause acute diarrhea?

    <p>Poisoning, medications, intolerance of certain foods, or various nongastrointestinal (GI) acute or chronic illnesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of diarrhea in adults?

    <p>Noroviruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can noroviruses be transmitted?

    <p>Through contaminated water or food, person-to-person contact, and contact with contaminated environmental surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of chronic diarrhea?

    <p>More than 4 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide?

    <p>Rotavirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viruses can cause postinfectious IBS?

    <p>Norovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the usual route of transmission for Rotavirus?

    <p>Fecal-oral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration of a Rotavirus infection?

    <p>5-8 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacteria causes diarrhea through the elaboration of enterotoxin?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common name for Norovirus infection?

    <p>24-hour stomach flu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for Rotavirus infection?

    <p>Vigorous fluid and electrolyte replacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom of Norovirus infection?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adenoviruses are the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Norovirus is a type of bacterial infectious diarrhea

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rotavirus is spread by the respiratory route

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hepatitis A virus is not a common cause of gastroenteritis

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The treatment for Rotavirus infection includes the use of antibiotics

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Norovirus infection can cause postinfectious IBS

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Staphylococcus aureus causes diarrhea through the production of localized inflammatory changes in the gut

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The duration of a Norovirus infection is typically 5-8 days

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic diarrhea, by definition, lasts less than 4 weeks.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The normal frequency of bowel movements varies with each individual.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Medical conditions, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), can increase the risk of diarrheal diseases.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Noroviruses are the most common cause of diarrhea in children.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Occupation as a teacher or engineer is a risk factor for particular infectious diarrheal diseases.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Consumption of cooked foods is a risk factor for particular infectious diarrheal diseases.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acute diarrhea may be caused by a medical condition, such as diabetes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Noroviruses can be transmitted through contact with contaminated environmental surfaces.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Toxin-producing pathogens directly invade the mucosal epithelial cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Campylobacter jejuni is a toxin-producing pathogen.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Invasive E. coli causes a dysentery-like syndrome.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acute gastroenteritis can unmask or exacerbate underlying chronic gastrointestinal diseases.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common complication of enteric infection.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Campylobacter jejuni infection is typically treated with antibiotics.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Salmonella is a common cause of invasive diarrhea.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diarrheagenic E. coli causes a dysentery-like syndrome.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common viral cause of gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide?

    <p>Rotavirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common name for the Norovirus infection?

    <p>24-hour stomach flu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of transmission for Rotavirus?

    <p>Fecal-oral route</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus can cause postinfectious IBS?

    <p>Norovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for Rotavirus infection?

    <p>Vigorous fluid and electrolyte replacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main mechanisms by which bacteria cause diarrhea?

    <p>Elaboration of enterotoxin and production of localized inflammatory changes in the gut</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration of a Rotavirus infection?

    <p>5-8 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viruses is a less frequent cause of gastroenteritis?

    <p>Astroviruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of acute diarrhea in terms of its duration?

    <p>Less than 14 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of living conditions can increase the risk of diarrheal diseases?

    <p>Congregate living conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of diarrhea in adults?

    <p>Noroviruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can noroviruses be transmitted from person to person?

    <p>Through contact with contaminated environmental surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of chronic diarrhea?

    <p>Lasting more than 4 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk factor for particular infectious diarrheal diseases?

    <p>Attendance or employment at day care centers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause acute diarrhea?

    <p>Poisoning, medications, or intolerance of certain foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of persistent diarrhea?

    <p>Lasting 14 days to 4 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between diarrhea caused by toxin-producing pathogens and invasive organisms in the large intestine?

    <p>Watery diarrhea vs. dysentery-like (bloody diarrhea) syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential long-term consequence of enteric infection, such as infections caused by Campylobacter, Shigella, Salmonella, and diarrheagenic E. coli?

    <p>Prolonged bowel dysfunction, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common underlying condition that can be unmasked or exacerbated by acute gastroenteritis?

    <p>Celiac disease, Crohn's disease, or ulcerative colitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do invasive organisms, such as Shigella, Salmonella, and invasive E. coli, cause diarrhea?

    <p>Directly invading the mucosal epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration of Campylobacter jejuni infection?

    <p>Self-limiting, usually lasts 2-5 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mode of transmission for Campylobacter jejuni infection?

    <p>Ingestion of contaminated food or water, or oral-fecal spread</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common complication of enteric infection, such as infections caused by Campylobacter, Shigella, Salmonella, and diarrheagenic E. coli?

    <p>Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of infection in patients with diarrhea caused by invasive organisms, such as Shigella, Salmonella, and invasive E. coli?

    <p>The large intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe _______________ in infants and young children worldwide

    <p>gastroenteritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rotavirus tends to be a seasonal infection, with peaks of _______________ occurring between November and February.

    <p>gastroenteritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Norovirus may also cause _______________ IBS.

    <p>postinfectious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacteria cause diarrhea through the _______________ of enterotoxin.

    <p>elaboration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The treatment for Rotavirus infection includes the use of _______________ fluid and electrolyte replacement.

    <p>vigorous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The duration of a Norovirus infection is typically _______________ hours.

    <p>12-60</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hepatitis A virus is a less frequent viral cause of _______________.

    <p>gastroenteritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Norovirus infection is also known as the _______________ stomach flu.

    <p>24 hour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Patients with diarrhea caused by toxin producing pathogens have a watery diarrhea, which primarily involves the ______ intestine.

    <p>small</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diarrhea may be classified as _______________, persistent, or chronic.

    <p>acute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Invasive organisms produce a dysentery like syndrome characterized by fever, abdominal cramps, ______, and the frequent passage of small volume stools that may contain blood and mucus.

    <p>tenesmus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enteric infection, most notably bacterial infection caused by Campylobacter, Shigella, Salmonella, and diarrheagenic E. coli, can cause prolonged ______ dysfunction, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

    <p>bowel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Having more than _______________ bowel movements per day is considered abnormal.

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Epidemiologic factors that increase the risk for particular infectious diarrheal diseases include attendance or employment at _______________ centers.

    <p>day care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acute gastroenteritis may also unmask or exacerbate underlying chronic gastrointestinal diseases, such as celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, or ______.

    <p>ulcerative colitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______________ diarrhea, by definition, lasts more than 4 weeks.

    <p>Chronic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The symptoms of Campylobacter jejuni infection include nausea, vomiting, and ______ of 24-72 hours.

    <p>onset</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Noroviruses are the most common cause of diarrhea in _______________ and the second most common cause in children.

    <p>adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The treatment for Campylobacter jejuni infection includes ______ and electrolytes.

    <p>fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acute diarrhea may also be caused by _______________, medications, or intolerance of certain foods.

    <p>poisoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Campylobacter jejuni infection can cause prolonged bowel dysfunction, including ______ bowel syndrome (IBS).

    <p>irritable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Campylobacter jejuni infection is usually ______, usually lasting.

    <p>self-limiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Congregate living conditions, such as _______________ homes, are epidemiologic factors that increase the risk for particular infectious diarrheal diseases.

    <p>nursing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Consumption of _______________ or undercooked meat, eggs, and shellfish is a risk factor for particular infectious diarrheal diseases.

    <p>raw</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of diarrhea with their duration:

    <p>Acute diarrhea = Less than 14 days Persistent diarrhea = 14 days to 4 weeks Chronic diarrhea = More than 4 weeks None = Less than 4 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following risk factors with the type of diarrhea they increase the risk for:

    <p>Attendance or employment at day care centers = Particular infectious diarrheal diseases Consumption of unsafe foods = Particular infectious diarrheal diseases Medical conditions, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) = Particular infectious diarrheal diseases Occupation as a teacher or engineer = None of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following causes of diarrhea with their characteristics:

    <p>Noroviruses = Most common cause of diarrhea in adults Acute diarrhea = Caused by poisoning, medications, or intolerance of certain foods Chronic diarrhea = Lasts more than 4 weeks Viral Gastroenteritis = Caused by bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following modes of transmission with the type of diarrhea they are associated with:

    <p>Contaminated water or food = Norovirus transmission Person-to-person contact = Norovirus transmission Contact with contaminated environmental surfaces = Norovirus transmission Respiratory route = Rotavirus transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following epidemiologic factors with the type of diarrhea they are associated with:

    <p>Congregate living conditions = Infectious diarrheal diseases Occupation as a food handler or caregiver = Infectious diarrheal diseases Presence of medical conditions = Infectious diarrheal diseases Consumption of cooked foods = None of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics with the type of diarrhea they are associated with:

    <p>Abnormal increase in stool frequency = Diarrhea Abnormal increase in stool liquidity = Diarrhea Abnormal increase in stool weight = Diarrhea Normal bowel movements = None of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of diarrhea with their potential causes:

    <p>Acute diarrhea = Poisoning, medications, or intolerance of certain foods Chronic diarrhea = Underlying medical conditions Persistent diarrhea = Infectious agents Diarrhea = Toxin-producing pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of viruses with the type of diarrhea they cause:

    <p>Noroviruses = Viral Gastroenteritis Rotavirus = Severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide Adenoviruses = Severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide Hepatitis A virus = None of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following viral causes of gastroenteritis with their characteristics:

    <p>Rotavirus = Infects infants; oralfecal spread Norovirus = Infects all ages; frequently spread person to person Adenovirus = Less frequent viral cause of gastroenteritis Hepatitis A virus = Less frequent viral cause of gastroenteritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following viral causes of gastroenteritis with their typical duration:

    <p>Rotavirus = 5-8 days Norovirus = 12-60 hours Adenovirus = Less frequent viral cause of gastroenteritis Hepatitis A virus = Less frequent viral cause of gastroenteritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following bacterial causes of gastroenteritis with their mechanisms of action:

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus = Elaboration of enterotoxin ETEC = Elaboration of enterotoxin Enteroaggregative E. = Attachment and production of localized inflammatory changes in the gut Invasive E. coli = Attachment and production of localized inflammatory changes in the gut</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following viral causes of gastroenteritis with their symptoms:

    <p>Rotavirus = Vomiting, fever, nausea, acute watery diarrhea Norovirus = Sudden-onset vomiting, nausea, headache, myalgia, fever, watery diarrhea Adenovirus = Less frequent viral cause of gastroenteritis Hepatitis A virus = Less frequent viral cause of gastroenteritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following viral causes of gastroenteritis with their potential complications:

    <p>Norovirus = Postinfectious IBS Rotavirus = Severe dehydration and electrolyte disturbances Adenovirus = Less frequent viral cause of gastroenteritis Hepatitis A virus = Less frequent viral cause of gastroenteritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following bacterial causes of gastroenteritis with their typical characteristics:

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus = Causes diarrhea through the elaboration of enterotoxin ETEC = Causes diarrhea through the elaboration of enterotoxin Enteroaggregative E. = Causes diarrhea through attachment and production of localized inflammatory changes in the gut Invasive E. coli = Causes diarrhea through attachment and production of localized inflammatory changes in the gut</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following viral causes of gastroenteritis with their common names:

    <p>Norovirus = 24-hour stomach flu Rotavirus = Severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children Adenovirus = Less frequent viral cause of gastroenteritis Hepatitis A virus = Less frequent viral cause of gastroenteritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following viral causes of gastroenteritis with their routes of transmission:

    <p>Rotavirus = Fecaloral route Norovirus = Fecaloral route and person to person Adenovirus = Less frequent viral cause of gastroenteritis Hepatitis A virus = Less frequent viral cause of gastroenteritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pathogens with their characteristic symptoms:

    <p>Campylobacter jejuni = Onset of 24-72 hours; nausea, vomiting, diarrhea Shigella = Fever, abdominal cramps, tenesmus, and bloody diarrhea Salmonella = Fever, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea E. coli = Watery diarrhea, primarily involving the small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pathogens with their primary mode of transmission:

    <p>Campylobacter jejuni = Ingestion of contaminated food or water Shigella = Oral-fecal transmission E. coli = Oral-fecal transmission Salmonella = Ingestion of contaminated food or water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pathogens with their potential complications:

    <p>Campylobacter jejuni = Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) Shigella = Dysentery-like syndrome E. coli = Prolonged bowel dysfunction Salmonella = Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pathogens with their treatment:

    <p>Campylobacter jejuni = Fluid and electrolytes, and antibiotics in severe cases Shigella = Antibiotics and fluid replacement E. coli = Fluid and electrolytes, and antibiotics in severe cases Salmonella = Antibiotics and fluid replacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pathogens with their primary site of infection:

    <p>Campylobacter jejuni = Small intestine Shigella = Large intestine E. coli = Small intestine Salmonella = Large intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pathogens with their characteristic diarrhea:

    <p>Campylobacter jejuni = Watery diarrhea Shigella = Bloody diarrhea E. coli = Watery diarrhea Salmonella = Bloody diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pathogens with their usual prognosis:

    <p>Campylobacter jejuni = Self-limiting, usually lasts 7-10 days Shigella = May require antibiotic treatment E. coli = Self-limiting, usually lasts 7-10 days Salmonella = May require antibiotic treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pathogens with their underlying chronic gastrointestinal diseases:

    <p>Campylobacter jejuni = Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) Shigella = Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis E. coli = Celiac disease Salmonella = Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of diarrhea with their duration:

    <p>Acute diarrhea = Less than 14 days Persistent diarrhea = 14 days to 4 weeks Chronic diarrhea = More than 4 weeks Normal diarrhea = Not defined</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following risk factors with their association with diarrheal diseases:

    <p>Attendance at day care centers = Increased risk of diarrheal diseases Consumption of cooked foods = No increased risk of diarrheal diseases Presence of medical conditions, such as AIDS = Increased risk of diarrheal diseases Occupation as a teacher = No increased risk of diarrheal diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following causes of diarrhea with their characteristics:

    <p>Noroviruses = Most common cause of diarrhea in adults Viral Gastroenteritis = Can be transmitted through contaminated water or food Poisoning = Can cause acute diarrhea Diverticulitis = A medical condition that can increase the risk of diarrheal diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of transmission with their association with noroviruses:

    <p>Contaminated water or food = Transmission of noroviruses Contact with contaminated environmental surfaces = Transmission of noroviruses Respiratory route = Not a transmission of noroviruses Person to person = Transmission of noroviruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following medical conditions with their association with diarrheal diseases:

    <p>Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) = Increased risk of diarrheal diseases Diabetes = No increased risk of diarrheal diseases Diverticulitis = Increased risk of diarrheal diseases Hepatitis A = Increased risk of diarrheal diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics with their association with diarrhea:

    <p>Abnormal increase in stool frequency = Characteristic of diarrhea Increased liquidity of stool = Characteristic of diarrhea Weight loss = Not a characteristic of diarrhea Normal bowel movements = Not a characteristic of diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following occupations with their association with increased risk of diarrheal diseases:

    <p>Food handler = Increased risk of diarrheal diseases Caregiver = Increased risk of diarrheal diseases Teacher = No increased risk of diarrheal diseases Engineer = No increased risk of diarrheal diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of diarrhea with their treatment approach:

    <p>Acute diarrhea = May require medical care Persistent diarrhea = May require medical care Chronic diarrhea = May require medical care Normal diarrhea = No medical care required</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pathogens with their characteristic symptoms:

    <p>Campylobacter jejuni = Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea Shigella = Dysentery-like syndrome (bloody diarrhea) E. coli = Watery diarrhea Salmonella = Fever, abdominal cramps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pathogens with their mode of transmission:

    <p>Campylobacter jejuni = Ingestion of contaminated food or water Shigella = Oral-fecal spread E. coli = Ingestion of contaminated food or water Salmonella = Oral-fecal spread</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pathogens with their potential complications:

    <p>Campylobacter jejuni = Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) Shigella = Dysentery-like syndrome E. coli = Prolonged bowel dysfunction Salmonella = Unmasking of underlying chronic gastrointestinal diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pathogens with their primary site of infection:

    <p>Campylobacter jejuni = Small intestine Shigella = Large intestine E. coli = Small intestine Salmonella = Large intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pathogens with their treatment:

    <p>Campylobacter jejuni = Fluid and electrolytes replacement Shigella = Antibiotics E. coli = Supportive care Salmonella = Fluid and electrolytes replacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pathogens with their usual prognosis:

    <p>Campylobacter jejuni = Self-limiting Shigella = Prolonged recovery E. coli = Variable outcome Salmonella = Full recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following chronic gastrointestinal diseases with their potential unmasking or exacerbation by acute gastroenteritis:

    <p>Celiac disease = Acute gastroenteritis Crohn's disease = Acute gastroenteritis Ulcerative colitis = Acute gastroenteritis Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) = Enteric infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pathogens with their characteristic of causing invasive diarrhea:

    <p>Shigella = Invasive diarrhea Salmonella = Invasive diarrhea Yersinia = Invasive diarrhea Campylobacter jejuni = Invasive diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following viruses with their characteristics in gastroenteritis:

    <p>Rotavirus = Infects infants; oral-fecal spread Norovirus = Infects all ages; person-to-person spread Adenovirus = Less frequent viral cause of gastroenteritis Hepatitis A virus = Less frequent viral cause of gastroenteritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following viruses with their transmission routes:

    <p>Rotavirus = Fecal-oral route Norovirus = Fecal-oral route and person-to-person contact Adenovirus = Unknown Hepatitis A virus = Unknown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following viral infections with their symptoms:

    <p>Rotavirus = Vomiting, fever, nausea, acute watery diarrhea Norovirus = Sudden-onset vomiting, nausea, headache, myalgia, fever, watery diarrhea Adenovirus = Unknown Hepatitis A virus = Unknown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following viral infections with their duration:

    <p>Rotavirus = Usually lasts 5-8 days Norovirus = Usually lasts 12-60 hours Adenovirus = Unknown Hepatitis A virus = Unknown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following bacterial causes of gastroenteritis with their mechanisms of diarrhea:

    <p>ETEC = Elaboration of enterotoxin Staphylococcus aureus = Elaboration of enterotoxin Enteroaggregative E. coli = Attachment and production of localized inflammatory changes in the gut Salmonella = Unknown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following viruses with their potential complications:

    <p>Rotavirus = Severe dehydration and electrolyte disturbances Norovirus = Postinfectious IBS Adenovirus = Unknown Hepatitis A virus = Unknown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following viral infections with their treatments:

    <p>Rotavirus = Vigorous fluid and electrolyte replacement Norovirus = Fluid and electrolyte replacement Adenovirus = Unknown Hepatitis A virus = Unknown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following viral infections with their common names:

    <p>Norovirus = 24-hour stomach flu Rotavirus = Unknown Adenovirus = Unknown Hepatitis A virus = Unknown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Diarrhea

    • Characterized by an abnormal increase in stool frequency, liquidity, or weight
    • Normal frequency of bowel movements varies with each individual, but having more than 3 bowel movements per day is considered abnormal
    • Diarrhea can be acute, persistent, or chronic

    Types of Diarrhea

    • Acute diarrhea: symptoms lasting less than 14 days
    • Persistent diarrhea: symptoms lasting 14 days to 4 weeks
    • Chronic diarrhea: symptoms lasting more than 4 weeks

    Epidemiologic Factors

    • Attendance or employment at day care centers increases the risk of infectious diarrheal diseases
    • Occupation as a food handler or caregiver increases the risk of infectious diarrheal diseases
    • Congregate living conditions (e.g., nursing homes, prisons, and multifamily dwellings) increase the risk of infectious diarrheal diseases
    • Consumption of unsafe foods (e.g., raw or undercooked meat, eggs, and shellfish) increases the risk of infectious diarrheal diseases
    • Presence of medical conditions, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or diverticulitis, increases the risk of infectious diarrheal diseases

    Viral Gastroenteritis

    • Noroviruses are the most common cause of diarrhea in adults and the second most common cause in children
    • Noroviruses are transmitted by contaminated water or food, and can also be transmitted from person to person and through contact with contaminated environmental surfaces
    • Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide
    • Rotavirus tends to be a seasonal infection, with peaks of gastroenteritis occurring between November and February

    Common Infectious Diarrheas and Their Treatment

    • Rotavirus:
      • Infects infants and young children
      • Spread through oralfecal route
      • Symptoms: vomiting, fever, nausea, acute watery diarrhea
      • Treatment: vigorous fluid and electrolyte replacement
      • Usual prognosis: self-limiting, usually lasts 5-8 days
    • Norovirus:
      • Infects all ages
      • Frequently spread person to person by the fecaloral route
      • Symptoms: sudden-onset vomiting, nausea, headache, myalgia, fever, watery diarrhea
      • Treatment: fluid and electrolyte replacement
      • Usual prognosis: self-limiting, usually lasts 12-60 hours

    Bacterial Gastroenteritis

    • Bacteria cause diarrhea through:
      • Elaboration of enterotoxin (e.g., ETEC and Staphylococcus aureus)
      • Attachment and production of localized inflammatory changes in the gut (e.g., enteroaggregative E.coli, enteropathogenic E.coli, STEC, and Clostridium difficile)
      • Directly invading the mucosal epithelial cells (e.g., Shigella, Salmonella, Yersinia, Campylobacter jejuni, and invasive E.coli)
    • Patients with diarrhea caused by toxin-producing pathogens have a watery diarrhea, which primarily involves the small intestine
    • If the large intestine is the primary site of infection, invasive organisms produce a dysentery-like syndrome characterized by fever, abdominal cramps, tenesmus, and the frequent passage of small volume stools that may contain blood and mucus

    Complications of Diarrhea

    • Enteric infection, most notably bacterial infection caused by Campylobacter, Shigella, Salmonella, and diarrheagenic E.coli, can cause prolonged bowel dysfunction, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
    • Acute gastroenteritis may also unmask or exacerbate underlying chronic gastrointestinal diseases, such as celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, or ulcerative colitis

    Diarrhea

    • Characterized by an abnormal increase in stool frequency, liquidity, or weight
    • Normal frequency of bowel movements varies with each individual, but having more than 3 bowel movements per day is considered abnormal
    • Diarrhea can be acute, persistent, or chronic

    Types of Diarrhea

    • Acute diarrhea: symptoms lasting less than 14 days
    • Persistent diarrhea: symptoms lasting 14 days to 4 weeks
    • Chronic diarrhea: symptoms lasting more than 4 weeks

    Epidemiologic Factors

    • Attendance or employment at day care centers increases the risk of infectious diarrheal diseases
    • Occupation as a food handler or caregiver increases the risk of infectious diarrheal diseases
    • Congregate living conditions (e.g., nursing homes, prisons, and multifamily dwellings) increase the risk of infectious diarrheal diseases
    • Consumption of unsafe foods (e.g., raw or undercooked meat, eggs, and shellfish) increases the risk of infectious diarrheal diseases
    • Presence of medical conditions, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or diverticulitis, increases the risk of infectious diarrheal diseases

    Viral Gastroenteritis

    • Noroviruses are the most common cause of diarrhea in adults and the second most common cause in children
    • Noroviruses are transmitted by contaminated water or food, and can also be transmitted from person to person and through contact with contaminated environmental surfaces
    • Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide
    • Rotavirus tends to be a seasonal infection, with peaks of gastroenteritis occurring between November and February

    Common Infectious Diarrheas and Their Treatment

    • Rotavirus:
      • Infects infants and young children
      • Spread through oralfecal route
      • Symptoms: vomiting, fever, nausea, acute watery diarrhea
      • Treatment: vigorous fluid and electrolyte replacement
      • Usual prognosis: self-limiting, usually lasts 5-8 days
    • Norovirus:
      • Infects all ages
      • Frequently spread person to person by the fecaloral route
      • Symptoms: sudden-onset vomiting, nausea, headache, myalgia, fever, watery diarrhea
      • Treatment: fluid and electrolyte replacement
      • Usual prognosis: self-limiting, usually lasts 12-60 hours

    Bacterial Gastroenteritis

    • Bacteria cause diarrhea through:
      • Elaboration of enterotoxin (e.g., ETEC and Staphylococcus aureus)
      • Attachment and production of localized inflammatory changes in the gut (e.g., enteroaggregative E.coli, enteropathogenic E.coli, STEC, and Clostridium difficile)
      • Directly invading the mucosal epithelial cells (e.g., Shigella, Salmonella, Yersinia, Campylobacter jejuni, and invasive E.coli)
    • Patients with diarrhea caused by toxin-producing pathogens have a watery diarrhea, which primarily involves the small intestine
    • If the large intestine is the primary site of infection, invasive organisms produce a dysentery-like syndrome characterized by fever, abdominal cramps, tenesmus, and the frequent passage of small volume stools that may contain blood and mucus

    Complications of Diarrhea

    • Enteric infection, most notably bacterial infection caused by Campylobacter, Shigella, Salmonella, and diarrheagenic E.coli, can cause prolonged bowel dysfunction, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
    • Acute gastroenteritis may also unmask or exacerbate underlying chronic gastrointestinal diseases, such as celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, or ulcerative colitis

    Diarrhea

    • Characterized by an abnormal increase in stool frequency, liquidity, or weight
    • Normal frequency of bowel movements varies with each individual, but having more than 3 bowel movements per day is considered abnormal
    • Diarrhea can be acute, persistent, or chronic

    Types of Diarrhea

    • Acute diarrhea: symptoms lasting less than 14 days
    • Persistent diarrhea: symptoms lasting 14 days to 4 weeks
    • Chronic diarrhea: symptoms lasting more than 4 weeks

    Epidemiologic Factors

    • Attendance or employment at day care centers increases the risk of infectious diarrheal diseases
    • Occupation as a food handler or caregiver increases the risk of infectious diarrheal diseases
    • Congregate living conditions (e.g., nursing homes, prisons, and multifamily dwellings) increase the risk of infectious diarrheal diseases
    • Consumption of unsafe foods (e.g., raw or undercooked meat, eggs, and shellfish) increases the risk of infectious diarrheal diseases
    • Presence of medical conditions, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or diverticulitis, increases the risk of infectious diarrheal diseases

    Viral Gastroenteritis

    • Noroviruses are the most common cause of diarrhea in adults and the second most common cause in children
    • Noroviruses are transmitted by contaminated water or food, and can also be transmitted from person to person and through contact with contaminated environmental surfaces
    • Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide
    • Rotavirus tends to be a seasonal infection, with peaks of gastroenteritis occurring between November and February

    Common Infectious Diarrheas and Their Treatment

    • Rotavirus:
      • Infects infants and young children
      • Spread through oralfecal route
      • Symptoms: vomiting, fever, nausea, acute watery diarrhea
      • Treatment: vigorous fluid and electrolyte replacement
      • Usual prognosis: self-limiting, usually lasts 5-8 days
    • Norovirus:
      • Infects all ages
      • Frequently spread person to person by the fecaloral route
      • Symptoms: sudden-onset vomiting, nausea, headache, myalgia, fever, watery diarrhea
      • Treatment: fluid and electrolyte replacement
      • Usual prognosis: self-limiting, usually lasts 12-60 hours

    Bacterial Gastroenteritis

    • Bacteria cause diarrhea through:
      • Elaboration of enterotoxin (e.g., ETEC and Staphylococcus aureus)
      • Attachment and production of localized inflammatory changes in the gut (e.g., enteroaggregative E.coli, enteropathogenic E.coli, STEC, and Clostridium difficile)
      • Directly invading the mucosal epithelial cells (e.g., Shigella, Salmonella, Yersinia, Campylobacter jejuni, and invasive E.coli)
    • Patients with diarrhea caused by toxin-producing pathogens have a watery diarrhea, which primarily involves the small intestine
    • If the large intestine is the primary site of infection, invasive organisms produce a dysentery-like syndrome characterized by fever, abdominal cramps, tenesmus, and the frequent passage of small volume stools that may contain blood and mucus

    Complications of Diarrhea

    • Enteric infection, most notably bacterial infection caused by Campylobacter, Shigella, Salmonella, and diarrheagenic E.coli, can cause prolonged bowel dysfunction, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
    • Acute gastroenteritis may also unmask or exacerbate underlying chronic gastrointestinal diseases, such as celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, or ulcerative colitis

    Diarrhea

    • Characterized by an abnormal increase in stool frequency, liquidity, or weight
    • Normal frequency of bowel movements varies with each individual, but having more than 3 bowel movements per day is considered abnormal
    • Diarrhea can be acute, persistent, or chronic

    Types of Diarrhea

    • Acute diarrhea: symptoms lasting less than 14 days
    • Persistent diarrhea: symptoms lasting 14 days to 4 weeks
    • Chronic diarrhea: symptoms lasting more than 4 weeks

    Epidemiologic Factors

    • Attendance or employment at day care centers increases the risk of infectious diarrheal diseases
    • Occupation as a food handler or caregiver increases the risk of infectious diarrheal diseases
    • Congregate living conditions (e.g., nursing homes, prisons, and multifamily dwellings) increase the risk of infectious diarrheal diseases
    • Consumption of unsafe foods (e.g., raw or undercooked meat, eggs, and shellfish) increases the risk of infectious diarrheal diseases
    • Presence of medical conditions, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or diverticulitis, increases the risk of infectious diarrheal diseases

    Viral Gastroenteritis

    • Noroviruses are the most common cause of diarrhea in adults and the second most common cause in children
    • Noroviruses are transmitted by contaminated water or food, and can also be transmitted from person to person and through contact with contaminated environmental surfaces
    • Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide
    • Rotavirus tends to be a seasonal infection, with peaks of gastroenteritis occurring between November and February

    Common Infectious Diarrheas and Their Treatment

    • Rotavirus:
      • Infects infants and young children
      • Spread through oralfecal route
      • Symptoms: vomiting, fever, nausea, acute watery diarrhea
      • Treatment: vigorous fluid and electrolyte replacement
      • Usual prognosis: self-limiting, usually lasts 5-8 days
    • Norovirus:
      • Infects all ages
      • Frequently spread person to person by the fecaloral route
      • Symptoms: sudden-onset vomiting, nausea, headache, myalgia, fever, watery diarrhea
      • Treatment: fluid and electrolyte replacement
      • Usual prognosis: self-limiting, usually lasts 12-60 hours

    Bacterial Gastroenteritis

    • Bacteria cause diarrhea through:
      • Elaboration of enterotoxin (e.g., ETEC and Staphylococcus aureus)
      • Attachment and production of localized inflammatory changes in the gut (e.g., enteroaggregative E.coli, enteropathogenic E.coli, STEC, and Clostridium difficile)
      • Directly invading the mucosal epithelial cells (e.g., Shigella, Salmonella, Yersinia, Campylobacter jejuni, and invasive E.coli)
    • Patients with diarrhea caused by toxin-producing pathogens have a watery diarrhea, which primarily involves the small intestine
    • If the large intestine is the primary site of infection, invasive organisms produce a dysentery-like syndrome characterized by fever, abdominal cramps, tenesmus, and the frequent passage of small volume stools that may contain blood and mucus

    Complications of Diarrhea

    • Enteric infection, most notably bacterial infection caused by Campylobacter, Shigella, Salmonella, and diarrheagenic E.coli, can cause prolonged bowel dysfunction, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
    • Acute gastroenteritis may also unmask or exacerbate underlying chronic gastrointestinal diseases, such as celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, or ulcerative colitis

    Diarrhea

    • Characterized by an abnormal increase in stool frequency, liquidity, or weight
    • Normal frequency of bowel movements varies with each individual, but having more than 3 bowel movements per day is considered abnormal
    • Diarrhea can be acute, persistent, or chronic

    Types of Diarrhea

    • Acute diarrhea: symptoms lasting less than 14 days
    • Persistent diarrhea: symptoms lasting 14 days to 4 weeks
    • Chronic diarrhea: symptoms lasting more than 4 weeks

    Epidemiologic Factors

    • Attendance or employment at day care centers increases the risk of infectious diarrheal diseases
    • Occupation as a food handler or caregiver increases the risk of infectious diarrheal diseases
    • Congregate living conditions (e.g., nursing homes, prisons, and multifamily dwellings) increase the risk of infectious diarrheal diseases
    • Consumption of unsafe foods (e.g., raw or undercooked meat, eggs, and shellfish) increases the risk of infectious diarrheal diseases
    • Presence of medical conditions, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or diverticulitis, increases the risk of infectious diarrheal diseases

    Viral Gastroenteritis

    • Noroviruses are the most common cause of diarrhea in adults and the second most common cause in children
    • Noroviruses are transmitted by contaminated water or food, and can also be transmitted from person to person and through contact with contaminated environmental surfaces
    • Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide
    • Rotavirus tends to be a seasonal infection, with peaks of gastroenteritis occurring between November and February

    Common Infectious Diarrheas and Their Treatment

    • Rotavirus:
      • Infects infants and young children
      • Spread through oralfecal route
      • Symptoms: vomiting, fever, nausea, acute watery diarrhea
      • Treatment: vigorous fluid and electrolyte replacement
      • Usual prognosis: self-limiting, usually lasts 5-8 days
    • Norovirus:
      • Infects all ages
      • Frequently spread person to person by the fecaloral route
      • Symptoms: sudden-onset vomiting, nausea, headache, myalgia, fever, watery diarrhea
      • Treatment: fluid and electrolyte replacement
      • Usual prognosis: self-limiting, usually lasts 12-60 hours

    Bacterial Gastroenteritis

    • Bacteria cause diarrhea through:
      • Elaboration of enterotoxin (e.g., ETEC and Staphylococcus aureus)
      • Attachment and production of localized inflammatory changes in the gut (e.g., enteroaggregative E.coli, enteropathogenic E.coli, STEC, and Clostridium difficile)
      • Directly invading the mucosal epithelial cells (e.g., Shigella, Salmonella, Yersinia, Campylobacter jejuni, and invasive E.coli)
    • Patients with diarrhea caused by toxin-producing pathogens have a watery diarrhea, which primarily involves the small intestine
    • If the large intestine is the primary site of infection, invasive organisms produce a dysentery-like syndrome characterized by fever, abdominal cramps, tenesmus, and the frequent passage of small volume stools that may contain blood and mucus

    Complications of Diarrhea

    • Enteric infection, most notably bacterial infection caused by Campylobacter, Shigella, Salmonella, and diarrheagenic E.coli, can cause prolonged bowel dysfunction, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
    • Acute gastroenteritis may also unmask or exacerbate underlying chronic gastrointestinal diseases, such as celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, or ulcerative colitis

    Diarrhea

    • Characterized by an abnormal increase in stool frequency, liquidity, or weight
    • Normal frequency of bowel movements varies with each individual, but having more than 3 bowel movements per day is considered abnormal
    • Diarrhea can be acute, persistent, or chronic

    Types of Diarrhea

    • Acute diarrhea: symptoms lasting less than 14 days
    • Persistent diarrhea: symptoms lasting 14 days to 4 weeks
    • Chronic diarrhea: symptoms lasting more than 4 weeks

    Epidemiologic Factors

    • Attendance or employment at day care centers increases the risk of infectious diarrheal diseases
    • Occupation as a food handler or caregiver increases the risk of infectious diarrheal diseases
    • Congregate living conditions (e.g., nursing homes, prisons, and multifamily dwellings) increase the risk of infectious diarrheal diseases
    • Consumption of unsafe foods (e.g., raw or undercooked meat, eggs, and shellfish) increases the risk of infectious diarrheal diseases
    • Presence of medical conditions, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or diverticulitis, increases the risk of infectious diarrheal diseases

    Viral Gastroenteritis

    • Noroviruses are the most common cause of diarrhea in adults and the second most common cause in children
    • Noroviruses are transmitted by contaminated water or food, and can also be transmitted from person to person and through contact with contaminated environmental surfaces
    • Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide
    • Rotavirus tends to be a seasonal infection, with peaks of gastroenteritis occurring between November and February

    Common Infectious Diarrheas and Their Treatment

    • Rotavirus:
      • Infects infants and young children
      • Spread through oralfecal route
      • Symptoms: vomiting, fever, nausea, acute watery diarrhea
      • Treatment: vigorous fluid and electrolyte replacement
      • Usual prognosis: self-limiting, usually lasts 5-8 days
    • Norovirus:
      • Infects all ages
      • Frequently spread person to person by the fecaloral route
      • Symptoms: sudden-onset vomiting, nausea, headache, myalgia, fever, watery diarrhea
      • Treatment: fluid and electrolyte replacement
      • Usual prognosis: self-limiting, usually lasts 12-60 hours

    Bacterial Gastroenteritis

    • Bacteria cause diarrhea through:
      • Elaboration of enterotoxin (e.g., ETEC and Staphylococcus aureus)
      • Attachment and production of localized inflammatory changes in the gut (e.g., enteroaggregative E.coli, enteropathogenic E.coli, STEC, and Clostridium difficile)
      • Directly invading the mucosal epithelial cells (e.g., Shigella, Salmonella, Yersinia, Campylobacter jejuni, and invasive E.coli)
    • Patients with diarrhea caused by toxin-producing pathogens have a watery diarrhea, which primarily involves the small intestine
    • If the large intestine is the primary site of infection, invasive organisms produce a dysentery-like syndrome characterized by fever, abdominal cramps, tenesmus, and the frequent passage of small volume stools that may contain blood and mucus

    Complications of Diarrhea

    • Enteric infection, most notably bacterial infection caused by Campylobacter, Shigella, Salmonella, and diarrheagenic E.coli, can cause prolonged bowel dysfunction, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
    • Acute gastroenteritis may also unmask or exacerbate underlying chronic gastrointestinal diseases, such as celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, or ulcerative colitis

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    Description

    Learn about the characteristics of diarrhea, its types, and frequency. This quiz covers the definition, acute, persistent, and chronic diarrhea.

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