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Questions and Answers
What purpose does a direct fecal smear serve?
What purpose does a direct fecal smear serve?
Which technique is used to examine tapeworm proglottids?
Which technique is used to examine tapeworm proglottids?
What is the function of an ocular micrometer?
What is the function of an ocular micrometer?
Which method involves using a stage micrometer for calibration?
Which method involves using a stage micrometer for calibration?
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How is the size measurement expressed when using an ocular micrometer?
How is the size measurement expressed when using an ocular micrometer?
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Which of the following does NOT contribute to microscopic examination of stool?
Which of the following does NOT contribute to microscopic examination of stool?
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Which method helps to identify adult nematodes like Ascaris or Enterobius?
Which method helps to identify adult nematodes like Ascaris or Enterobius?
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What is the unit of measurement defined as 0.001 millimeter?
What is the unit of measurement defined as 0.001 millimeter?
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What is the specific gravity range of the Zinc Sulfate solution used in floatation?
What is the specific gravity range of the Zinc Sulfate solution used in floatation?
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What type of parasites is the Zinc Sulfate floatation method best for recovering?
What type of parasites is the Zinc Sulfate floatation method best for recovering?
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Which floatation method uses a solution made from Table salt?
Which floatation method uses a solution made from Table salt?
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Why is brine floatation not useful for operculated eggs like Clonorchis?
Why is brine floatation not useful for operculated eggs like Clonorchis?
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What must be done with stools positive for hookworm ova to identify the hookworm?
What must be done with stools positive for hookworm ova to identify the hookworm?
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What is a potential negative effect when using high specific gravity solutions on protozoan cysts?
What is a potential negative effect when using high specific gravity solutions on protozoan cysts?
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What technique is particularly useful for the identification of hookworm?
What technique is particularly useful for the identification of hookworm?
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What is the preservation method used in Zinc Sulfate floatation with boiled sugar solution?
What is the preservation method used in Zinc Sulfate floatation with boiled sugar solution?
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What is the primary use of the Kato Thick Smear technique?
What is the primary use of the Kato Thick Smear technique?
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Which staining solution is used to demonstrate nuclear morphology of trophozoites?
Which staining solution is used to demonstrate nuclear morphology of trophozoites?
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How much stool is typically used for the Kato Thick Smear examination?
How much stool is typically used for the Kato Thick Smear examination?
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Which statement about light infections is accurate regarding Kato Thick Smear?
Which statement about light infections is accurate regarding Kato Thick Smear?
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What type of eggs is Kato Thick Smear particularly good at detecting?
What type of eggs is Kato Thick Smear particularly good at detecting?
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What is the main disadvantage of using Lugol's iodine in stool examination?
What is the main disadvantage of using Lugol's iodine in stool examination?
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What color does the cytoplasm of Entamoeba appear when stained with Nair's Buffered Methylene Blue?
What color does the cytoplasm of Entamoeba appear when stained with Nair's Buffered Methylene Blue?
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Which of the following substances is NOT mentioned as part of the staining process in the Kato Thick Smear?
Which of the following substances is NOT mentioned as part of the staining process in the Kato Thick Smear?
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Which method utilizes filter paper strips for culturing intestinal protozoa?
Which method utilizes filter paper strips for culturing intestinal protozoa?
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What is the main purpose of egg counting procedures in parasitology?
What is the main purpose of egg counting procedures in parasitology?
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In the Kato-Katz Method, what is the primary component used to prepare the sample?
In the Kato-Katz Method, what is the primary component used to prepare the sample?
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What is the classification for heavy intensity of Ascaris lumbricoides infection?
What is the classification for heavy intensity of Ascaris lumbricoides infection?
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What type of larvae accumulate at the upper end of the filter paper strip in the Harada-Mori Method?
What type of larvae accumulate at the upper end of the filter paper strip in the Harada-Mori Method?
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Which method is NOT typically used for counting eggs in stool samples?
Which method is NOT typically used for counting eggs in stool samples?
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How is light intensity defined for Ascaris lumbricoides infection?
How is light intensity defined for Ascaris lumbricoides infection?
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Which of the following best describes the use of the Baermann procedure?
Which of the following best describes the use of the Baermann procedure?
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What is one primary aim of accurate diagnosis in parasitology?
What is one primary aim of accurate diagnosis in parasitology?
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Which method is used in diagnostic parasitology to confirm the presence of parasites?
Which method is used in diagnostic parasitology to confirm the presence of parasites?
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How can laboratory diagnosis aid clinicians in treatment?
How can laboratory diagnosis aid clinicians in treatment?
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What is assessed during the macroscopic examination of stool in parasitology?
What is assessed during the macroscopic examination of stool in parasitology?
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What does the detection of host immune response in diagnostic parasitology involve?
What does the detection of host immune response in diagnostic parasitology involve?
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Which of the following is NOT a purpose of diagnostic parasitology?
Which of the following is NOT a purpose of diagnostic parasitology?
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Why is ruling out a diagnosis important in parasitology?
Why is ruling out a diagnosis important in parasitology?
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What types of parasites can be demonstrated in diagnostic parasitology?
What types of parasites can be demonstrated in diagnostic parasitology?
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Which staining method is specifically mentioned for the examination of amoeba nuclear characteristics?
Which staining method is specifically mentioned for the examination of amoeba nuclear characteristics?
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What substance is used in some laboratories to help visualize eggs in parasitology?
What substance is used in some laboratories to help visualize eggs in parasitology?
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Which intestinal protozoans can be identified through staining?
Which intestinal protozoans can be identified through staining?
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Which of the following staining techniques is associated with coccidians?
Which of the following staining techniques is associated with coccidians?
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Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a staining method used in parasitology?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a staining method used in parasitology?
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What is the primary purpose of staining stool samples in parasitology?
What is the primary purpose of staining stool samples in parasitology?
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Which of the following stains is known for being useful in the identification of intestinal protozoans?
Which of the following stains is known for being useful in the identification of intestinal protozoans?
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What is a common laboratory use of toluene in parasitology?
What is a common laboratory use of toluene in parasitology?
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Study Notes
Diagnostic Parasitology Techniques
- Accurate diagnosis of parasitic infections is crucial to decrease prevalence and incidence.
- Diagnostic parasitology aims to:
- Confirm clinical impressions
- Rule out suspected diagnoses
- Help monitor treatment effectiveness
- Aid in medication selection
- Methods involve:
- Identifying parasites (eggs, larvae, adult forms, cysts, oocysts, trophozoites)
- Detecting host immune responses (antibodies, antigens)
Stool Examination Techniques
-
Macroscopic Examination:
- Consistency: Reflects hydration level, suggestive of organisms present(formed, semi-formed, watery)
-
Color: Can indicate various conditions
- Black: Upper/Lower GI bleeding, iron therapy, charcoal
- Pale yellow, gray, white: Bile duct obstruction, tapeworm, nematodes
- Red: Mucus, blood, dysentery or malignancy
- Brown: Normal, due to stercobilin (liver and gallbladder metabolism)
- Gross Examination: Assessing color, presence of mucus, blood, or parasites visible to the naked eye
-
Microscopic Examination:
-
Ocular Micrometer: Used for calibration, expressed in microns (µm).
- Calibrated with a stage micrometer.
- Stage Micrometer: Has calibrated scale with 0.01mm units aiding ocular micrometer calibration
-
Direct Fecal Smear (DFS): Using 2mg stool and a saline solution, useful for motile protozoan trophozoites. Trophozoites are pale and transparent.
- Stains (e.g., Nair's buffered methylene blue, Lugol's Iodine) help differentiate structures (nuclei, cytoplasm, glycogen)
-
Kato Thick Smear: Using 50-60mg stool, good for eggs with thick shells (Ascaris, Trichuris).
- Less useful for diarrheic/watery stools; not suitable for protozoan cysts/trophozoites
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Ocular Micrometer: Used for calibration, expressed in microns (µm).
-
Concentration Techniques: Useful for light infections.
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Sedimentation: (e.g., Acid-Ether, Formalin-Ether): Removes debris from the stool
- Formalin-Ether can be explosive and flammable
- Can recover certain eggs/cysts
-
Floatation: (e.g., Zinc Sulfate): Isolates parasites based on density differences, good for cysts and thin-walled eggs.
- Zinc Sulfate is at a specific gravity of 1.18-1.20
- Sugar Floatation (Sheather's): Suitable for coccidian oocysts (Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, and Isospora) because it helps with preservation.
-
Sedimentation: (e.g., Acid-Ether, Formalin-Ether): Removes debris from the stool
-
Stool Culture Methods:
- Used for hookworm identification, also for intestinal protozoan cultivation
- Positive stool samples (with hookworm or Strongyloides) can be cultured to observe larvae development
- Harada-Mori or test tube culture: Cultivates intestinal protozoans. Larvae migrate based on the direction of water movement
- Baermann Technique: Focuses on larvae movement to separate and identify them.
-
Egg Counting Procedures:
- Kato-Katz: Uses a template with a hole, pressing the stool onto cellophane, often with a dye and then placed under a microscope. Used to correlate disease severity with the infection intensity.
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Stoll: Uses NaOH to separate eggs from debris
- Useful for measuring infective load.
- Multiple procedures are available for analyzing parasite eggs, depending on the type of parasites
-
Other Methods:
- Perianal Swabs: Used to collect Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) eggs; often using cellulose or scotch tape
-
Staining: (e.g., Iron hematoxylin, Trichrome, Chlorazol Black E) to improve visualization of internal structures of protozoa
- Kinyoun stain is for coccidians
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Description
This quiz covers various diagnostic parasitology techniques critical for identifying and managing parasitic infections. It includes methods for stool examination, macroscopic analysis, and understanding parasite life cycles. Test your knowledge on how these techniques aid in effective treatment decisions.
