Diagnosis
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of a lower motor neuron lesion?

  • Hyperreflexia
  • Exaggerated deep tendon reflexes
  • Muscle atrophy (correct)
  • Increased muscle tone
  • What is the function of the upper motor neuron?

  • Starts from brainstem and ends at muscle
  • Starts from motor cortex and ends at lower motor neuron
  • Controls voluntary movements (correct)
  • Controls involuntary movements
  • Which part of the nervous system is responsible for controlling skeletal muscles?

  • Lower motor neurons (correct)
  • Upper motor neurons
  • Motor cortex
  • Peripheral nerves
  • What are the clinical features of a lower motor neuron lesion?

    <p>Muscle atrophy and hyporeflexia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the corticobulbar tract start and end?

    <p>Motor cortex to brainstem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the corticospinal tract?

    <p>Controls voluntary movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the clinical features of a lower motor neuron lesion?

    <p>Muscle atrophy and hyporeflexia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the cause of Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA)?

    <p>Genetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)?

    <p>Supportive care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system does Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) primarily affect?

    <p>Spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a degenerative motor neuron disease that affects both upper motor neurons (UMN) and lower motor neurons (LMN)?

    <p>Motor neuron disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the degeneration of the dorsal root ganglia and its projections?

    <p>Ganglionopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuropathy can be hereditary or acquired?

    <p>Peripheral neuropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the condition when only one peripheral nerve is affected?

    <p>Mononeuropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of lower motor neuron (LMN) lesions?

    <p>Fasciculations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of upper motor neuron (UMN) lesions?

    <p>Hoffmann sign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sign of an upper motor neuron (UMN) lesion?

    <p>Positive Babinski response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sign of a lower motor neuron (LMN) lesion?

    <p>Wasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is associated with a mixed upper motor neuron (UMN) and lower motor neuron (LMN) lesion?

    <p>Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of upper motor neuron (UMN) lesions?

    <p>Presence of clonus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of lower motor neuron (LMN) lesions?

    <p>Positive Hoffman sign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a treatment option for carpal tunnel syndrome?

    <p>Surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuropathy affects multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously or sequentially?

    <p>Mononeuropathy multiplex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease example is associated with mononeuropathy multiplex?

    <p>Vasculitis of vasa nervorum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of polyneuropathy?

    <p>Diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of polyneuropathy based on?

    <p>Nerve conduction study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuropathy affects the myelin sheath of the nerves?

    <p>Demyelinating neuropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the commonest cause of axonal neuropathy?

    <p>Metabolic/endocrine disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of carpal tunnel syndrome?

    <p>Down-going toes on plantar reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT expected in a patient with acute stroke?

    <p>Hypotonia in right leg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of upper motor neuron (UMN) lesions?

    <p>Increased muscle resistance to passive movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the condition when only one peripheral nerve is affected?

    <p>Mononeuropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system does Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) primarily affect?

    <p>Both upper and lower motor neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of polyneuropathy?

    <p>Diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sign of an upper motor neuron (UMN) lesion?

    <p>Hyperreflexia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the corticospinal tract?

    <p>Controls voluntary movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a treatment option for carpal tunnel syndrome?

    <p>Surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of lower motor neuron (LMN) lesions?

    <p>Muscle hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the condition when only one peripheral nerve is affected?

    <p>Mononeuropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the corticobulbar tract start and end?

    <p>Starts from the motor cortex and ends at the lower motor neuron (LMN)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease example is associated with mononeuropathy multiplex?

    <p>Carpal tunnel syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of polyneuropathy?

    <p>Vitamin B12 deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a degenerative motor neuron disease that affects both upper motor neurons (UMN) and lower motor neurons (LMN)?

    <p>Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuropathy can be hereditary or acquired?

    <p>Polyneuropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system does Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) primarily affect?

    <p>Anterior horn of spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)?

    <p>Genetic factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of mononeuropathy multiplex?

    <p>Involvement of multiple peripheral nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?

    <p>Surgical release of the flexor retinaculum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system is responsible for controlling voluntary movements?

    <p>Cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the degeneration of the dorsal root ganglia and its projections?

    <p>Ganglionopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of upper motor neuron (UMN) lesions?

    <p>Hypotonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of carpal tunnel syndrome?

    <p>Positive Hoffman’s sign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of polyneuropathy?

    <p>Diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuropathy affects multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously or sequentially?

    <p>Mononeuropathy multiplex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of lower motor neuron (LMN) lesions?

    <p>Hyperreflexia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system does Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) primarily affect?

    <p>Lower motor neurons (LMN)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sign of a lower motor neuron (LMN) lesion?

    <p>Muscle weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuropathy affects the myelin sheath of the nerves?

    <p>Demyelinating neuropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of upper motor neuron (UMN) lesions?

    <p>Hyperreflexia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a treatment option for carpal tunnel syndrome?

    <p>Wrist splint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of upper motor neuron (UMN) lesions?

    <p>Increased muscle tone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of lower motor neuron (LMN) lesions?

    <p>Decreased muscle tone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the degeneration of the dorsal root ganglia and its projections?

    <p>Disuse atrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system does Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) primarily affect?

    <p>Lower motor neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuropathy can be hereditary or acquired?

    <p>Polyneuropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of polyneuropathy?

    <p>Diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is associated with a mixed upper motor neuron (UMN) and lower motor neuron (LMN) lesion?

    <p>Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system is responsible for controlling voluntary movements?

    <p>Upper motor neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the clinical features of a lower motor neuron lesion?

    <p>Muscle atrophy and hyporeflexia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of polyneuropathy?

    <p>Diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of upper motor neuron (UMN) lesions?

    <p>Hyperreflexia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease example is associated with mononeuropathy multiplex?

    <p>Guillain-Barre syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a treatment option for carpal tunnel syndrome?

    <p>Acupuncture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a degenerative motor neuron disease that affects both upper motor neurons (UMN) and lower motor neurons (LMN)?

    <p>Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?

    <p>Primarily affects the anterior horn of the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the degeneration of the dorsal root ganglia and its projections?

    <p>Neuronopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most common cause of mononeuropathy?

    <p>Compression or entrapment of peripheral nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system does spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) primarily affect?

    <p>Anterior horn of the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a condition when only one peripheral nerve is affected?

    <p>Mononeuropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of polyneuropathy?

    <p>Hereditary conditions affecting the myelin sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the corticospinal tract?

    <p>Controls voluntary movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of carpal tunnel syndrome?

    <p>Positive Hoffman's sign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuropathy affects multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously or sequentially?

    <p>Mononeuropathy multiplex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of polyneuropathy?

    <p>Diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of upper motor neuron (UMN) lesions?

    <p>Hyperreflexia with spasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)?

    <p>Unknown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the condition when only one peripheral nerve is affected?

    <p>Mononeuropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system does Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) primarily affect?

    <p>Motor neurons in the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sign of an upper motor neuron (UMN) lesion?

    <p>Hyperreflexia with spasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a treatment option for carpal tunnel syndrome?

    <p>Surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Characteristics of Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) and Lower Motor Neuron (LMN) Lesions

    • A lower motor neuron lesion is characterized by flaccid paralysis, muscle atrophy, and decreased or absent deep tendon reflexes.
    • An upper motor neuron lesion is characterized by spastic paralysis, increased deep tendon reflexes, and a positive Babinski sign.

    Functions of Upper Motor Neurons and Corticospinal Tract

    • The upper motor neuron is responsible for controlling voluntary movements.
    • The corticospinal tract is responsible for transmitting motor signals from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord.

    Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

    • Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a genetic disorder that affects the lower motor neurons, resulting in muscle atrophy and weakness.
    • Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a degenerative motor neuron disease that affects both upper motor neurons and lower motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness, atrophy, and paralysis.

    Neuropathy

    • Mononeuropathy is a condition where only one peripheral nerve is affected.
    • Polyneuropathy is a condition where multiple peripheral nerves are affected simultaneously or sequentially.
    • Axonal neuropathy affects the axon of the nerve, while demyelinating neuropathy affects the myelin sheath.
    • The most common cause of polyneuropathy is diabetes.

    Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

    • Carpal tunnel syndrome is a type of mononeuropathy that affects the median nerve in the wrist.
    • Treatment options for carpal tunnel syndrome include medication, physical therapy, and surgery.

    Motor Neuron Diseases

    • Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a degenerative motor neuron disease that affects both upper motor neurons and lower motor neurons.
    • The term used to describe a degenerative motor neuron disease that affects both upper motor neurons and lower motor neurons is motor neuron disease.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of 1% à LMN picture, Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Learn about the genetic causes, clinical presentations, and molecular genetic testing for these conditions. Discover the latest treatment options, including antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) therapy, and how to prevent them through OPV/IPV vaccination.

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