Diagnosis
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of a lower motor neuron lesion?

  • Hyperreflexia
  • Exaggerated deep tendon reflexes
  • Muscle atrophy (correct)
  • Increased muscle tone

    • What is the function of the upper motor neuron?

  • Starts from brainstem and ends at muscle
  • Starts from motor cortex and ends at lower motor neuron
  • Controls voluntary movements (correct)
  • Controls involuntary movements

    • Which part of the nervous system is responsible for controlling skeletal muscles?

  • Lower motor neurons (correct)
  • Upper motor neurons
  • Motor cortex
  • Peripheral nerves

    • What are the clinical features of a lower motor neuron lesion?

    <p>Muscle atrophy and hyporeflexia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the corticobulbar tract start and end?

    <p>Motor cortex to brainstem (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the corticospinal tract?

    <p>Controls voluntary movements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the clinical features of a lower motor neuron lesion?

    <p>Muscle atrophy and hyporeflexia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the cause of Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA)?

    <p>Genetic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)?

    <p>Supportive care (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system does Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) primarily affect?

    <p>Spinal cord (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a degenerative motor neuron disease that affects both upper motor neurons (UMN) and lower motor neurons (LMN)?

    <p>Motor neuron disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the degeneration of the dorsal root ganglia and its projections?

    <p>Ganglionopathy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuropathy can be hereditary or acquired?

    <p>Peripheral neuropathy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the condition when only one peripheral nerve is affected?

    <p>Mononeuropathy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of lower motor neuron (LMN) lesions?

    <p>Fasciculations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of upper motor neuron (UMN) lesions?

    <p>Hoffmann sign (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sign of an upper motor neuron (UMN) lesion?

    <p>Positive Babinski response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sign of a lower motor neuron (LMN) lesion?

    <p>Wasting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is associated with a mixed upper motor neuron (UMN) and lower motor neuron (LMN) lesion?

    <p>Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of upper motor neuron (UMN) lesions?

    <p>Presence of clonus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of lower motor neuron (LMN) lesions?

    <p>Positive Hoffman sign (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a treatment option for carpal tunnel syndrome?

    <p>Surgery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuropathy affects multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously or sequentially?

    <p>Mononeuropathy multiplex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease example is associated with mononeuropathy multiplex?

    <p>Vasculitis of vasa nervorum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of polyneuropathy?

    <p>Diabetes mellitus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of polyneuropathy based on?

    <p>Nerve conduction study (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuropathy affects the myelin sheath of the nerves?

    <p>Demyelinating neuropathy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the commonest cause of axonal neuropathy?

    <p>Metabolic/endocrine disorders (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of carpal tunnel syndrome?

    <p>Down-going toes on plantar reflex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT expected in a patient with acute stroke?

    <p>Hypotonia in right leg (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of upper motor neuron (UMN) lesions?

    <p>Increased muscle resistance to passive movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the condition when only one peripheral nerve is affected?

    <p>Mononeuropathy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system does Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) primarily affect?

    <p>Both upper and lower motor neurons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of polyneuropathy?

    <p>Diabetes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sign of an upper motor neuron (UMN) lesion?

    <p>Hyperreflexia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the corticospinal tract?

    <p>Controls voluntary movements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a treatment option for carpal tunnel syndrome?

    <p>Surgery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of lower motor neuron (LMN) lesions?

    <p>Muscle hypertrophy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the condition when only one peripheral nerve is affected?

    <p>Mononeuropathy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the corticobulbar tract start and end?

    <p>Starts from the motor cortex and ends at the lower motor neuron (LMN) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease example is associated with mononeuropathy multiplex?

    <p>Carpal tunnel syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of polyneuropathy?

    <p>Vitamin B12 deficiency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a degenerative motor neuron disease that affects both upper motor neurons (UMN) and lower motor neurons (LMN)?

    <p>Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuropathy can be hereditary or acquired?

    <p>Polyneuropathy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system does Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) primarily affect?

    <p>Anterior horn of spinal cord (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)?

    <p>Genetic factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of mononeuropathy multiplex?

    <p>Involvement of multiple peripheral nerves (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?

    <p>Surgical release of the flexor retinaculum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system is responsible for controlling voluntary movements?

    <p>Cerebral cortex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the degeneration of the dorsal root ganglia and its projections?

    <p>Ganglionopathy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of upper motor neuron (UMN) lesions?

    <p>Hypotonia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of carpal tunnel syndrome?

    <p>Positive Hoffman’s sign (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of polyneuropathy?

    <p>Diabetes mellitus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuropathy affects multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously or sequentially?

    <p>Mononeuropathy multiplex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of lower motor neuron (LMN) lesions?

    <p>Hyperreflexia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system does Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) primarily affect?

    <p>Lower motor neurons (LMN) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sign of a lower motor neuron (LMN) lesion?

    <p>Muscle weakness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuropathy affects the myelin sheath of the nerves?

    <p>Demyelinating neuropathy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of upper motor neuron (UMN) lesions?

    <p>Hyperreflexia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a treatment option for carpal tunnel syndrome?

    <p>Wrist splint (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of upper motor neuron (UMN) lesions?

    <p>Increased muscle tone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of lower motor neuron (LMN) lesions?

    <p>Decreased muscle tone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the degeneration of the dorsal root ganglia and its projections?

    <p>Disuse atrophy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system does Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) primarily affect?

    <p>Lower motor neurons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuropathy can be hereditary or acquired?

    <p>Polyneuropathy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of polyneuropathy?

    <p>Diabetes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is associated with a mixed upper motor neuron (UMN) and lower motor neuron (LMN) lesion?

    <p>Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system is responsible for controlling voluntary movements?

    <p>Upper motor neuron (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the clinical features of a lower motor neuron lesion?

    <p>Muscle atrophy and hyporeflexia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of polyneuropathy?

    <p>Diabetes mellitus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of upper motor neuron (UMN) lesions?

    <p>Hyperreflexia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease example is associated with mononeuropathy multiplex?

    <p>Guillain-Barre syndrome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a treatment option for carpal tunnel syndrome?

    <p>Acupuncture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a degenerative motor neuron disease that affects both upper motor neurons (UMN) and lower motor neurons (LMN)?

    <p>Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?

    <p>Primarily affects the anterior horn of the spinal cord (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the degeneration of the dorsal root ganglia and its projections?

    <p>Neuronopathy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most common cause of mononeuropathy?

    <p>Compression or entrapment of peripheral nerves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system does spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) primarily affect?

    <p>Anterior horn of the spinal cord (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a condition when only one peripheral nerve is affected?

    <p>Mononeuropathy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of polyneuropathy?

    <p>Hereditary conditions affecting the myelin sheath (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the corticospinal tract?

    <p>Controls voluntary movements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of carpal tunnel syndrome?

    <p>Positive Hoffman's sign (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuropathy affects multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously or sequentially?

    <p>Mononeuropathy multiplex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of polyneuropathy?

    <p>Diabetes mellitus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of upper motor neuron (UMN) lesions?

    <p>Hyperreflexia with spasticity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)?

    <p>Unknown (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the condition when only one peripheral nerve is affected?

    <p>Mononeuropathy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system does Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) primarily affect?

    <p>Motor neurons in the spinal cord (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sign of an upper motor neuron (UMN) lesion?

    <p>Hyperreflexia with spasticity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a treatment option for carpal tunnel syndrome?

    <p>Surgery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Characteristics of Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) and Lower Motor Neuron (LMN) Lesions

    • A lower motor neuron lesion is characterized by flaccid paralysis, muscle atrophy, and decreased or absent deep tendon reflexes.
    • An upper motor neuron lesion is characterized by spastic paralysis, increased deep tendon reflexes, and a positive Babinski sign.

    Functions of Upper Motor Neurons and Corticospinal Tract

    • The upper motor neuron is responsible for controlling voluntary movements.
    • The corticospinal tract is responsible for transmitting motor signals from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord.

    Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

    • Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a genetic disorder that affects the lower motor neurons, resulting in muscle atrophy and weakness.
    • Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a degenerative motor neuron disease that affects both upper motor neurons and lower motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness, atrophy, and paralysis.

    Neuropathy

    • Mononeuropathy is a condition where only one peripheral nerve is affected.
    • Polyneuropathy is a condition where multiple peripheral nerves are affected simultaneously or sequentially.
    • Axonal neuropathy affects the axon of the nerve, while demyelinating neuropathy affects the myelin sheath.
    • The most common cause of polyneuropathy is diabetes.

    Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

    • Carpal tunnel syndrome is a type of mononeuropathy that affects the median nerve in the wrist.
    • Treatment options for carpal tunnel syndrome include medication, physical therapy, and surgery.

    Motor Neuron Diseases

    • Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a degenerative motor neuron disease that affects both upper motor neurons and lower motor neurons.
    • The term used to describe a degenerative motor neuron disease that affects both upper motor neurons and lower motor neurons is motor neuron disease.

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