Diabetes Mellitus Overview
48 Questions
1 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What year did the World Health Organization's classification of diabetes first start?

  • 2000
  • 1965 (correct)
  • 1985
  • 1999

Which type of diabetes is characterized by absolute insulin deficiency?

  • Maturity Onset Diabetes
  • Type 2 DM
  • Gestational Diabetes
  • Type 1 DM (correct)

What was the significant change in the classification of diabetes in 1985?

  • Based on genetic factors
  • Based on lifestyle habits
  • Based on the patient's dependency on insulin (correct)
  • Based on age range of patients

At what age does type 2 diabetes typically start to develop?

<p>Older than 40 years old (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of the immune response associated with GAD antibodies in diabetes?

<p>Conversion of glutamic acid to GABA inhibition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the latest classification of diabetes?

<p>The latest classification was established in 1999 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What metabolic issue characterizes diabetes mellitus?

<p>Inappropriate hyperglycemia due to insulin defects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What leads to the destruction of beta islet cells in type 1 diabetes?

<p>Pancreatic damage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Type 1 diabetes mellitus?

<p>Autoimmune destruction of β-cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most significant risk associated with diabetes mellitus?

<p>Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes Type 2 diabetes mellitus?

<p>It is characterized by insulin resistance with β-cell dysfunction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition may develop due to extreme hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus?

<p>Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the age group most commonly associated with Type 1 diabetes mellitus?

<p>Children and adolescents (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of chronic hyperglycemia in diabetic patients?

<p>Vascular and nerve damage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is associated with diabetic ketoacidosis?

<p>Rapid breathing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism leads to the need for insulin supplementation in Type 1 diabetes?

<p>Destruction of pancreatic β-cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant global health concern contributing to morbidity and mortality in the 21st century?

<p>Diabetes Mellitus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

By what percentage is the global population with diabetes expected to increase by 2045 compared to 2017?

<p>48% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What demographic group exhibits the highest prevalence of Type 1 diabetes?

<p>Caucasians, especially Scandinavians (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in the pancreas of individuals with Type 1 diabetes?

<p>It fails to produce insulin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the insulin response in Type 2 diabetes?

<p>Cells fail to respond to insulin properly. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age range do approximately 50-60% of patients with Type 1 diabetes typically present?

<p>Before 20 years of age (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a healthy individual, what is the primary role of insulin?

<p>To aid in the absorption of glucose by cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethnic groups are more commonly affected by Type 2 diabetes?

<p>African, African-Caribbean and South Asian (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes neonatal diabetes?

<p>Mutations in specific genes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which patient population is commonly associated with idiopathic type 1 diabetes mellitus?

<p>Patients of African and Asian descent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main issue in type 2 diabetes?

<p>Ineffective use of insulin by the body (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions often requires insulin therapy despite type 2 diabetes?

<p>Certain patients with type 2 diabetes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genetic syndrome is associated with diabetes?

<p>Turner syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes idiopathic type 1 diabetes?

<p>It presents with intermittent episodes of hyperglycemia. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following endocrine diseases is associated with diabetes?

<p>Acromegaly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mutation is NOT commonly linked to neonatal diabetes?

<p>TP53 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of dysfunction in type 2 diabetes related to insulin?

<p>Insulin receptors fail to recognize insulin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethnic groups are more predisposed to developing type 2 diabetes compared to people of European ancestry?

<p>Native Americans and Asian Americans (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical symptom onset pattern for type 2 diabetes compared to type 1 diabetes?

<p>Symptoms are slower in onset and less marked. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by extremely high blood glucose levels without significant ketone production?

<p>Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is known to potentially induce diabetes?

<p>Atypical antipsychotics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a precipitating factor for Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS) in older adults with type 2 diabetes?

<p>Infection or dehydration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true concerning blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes during HHS?

<p>Blood glucose levels are extremely high. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the varying degrees of β-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes often lead to?

<p>Insulin resistance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of gestational diabetes (GDM)?

<p>It results from hormonal changes in pregnancy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be a consequence of hyperglycemia during pregnancy?

<p>Increased chance of fetal macrosomia. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does excessive weight prior to pregnancy influence gestational diabetes?

<p>It often contributes to the risk of developing GDM. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is true?

<p>It typically manifests in adolescents. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is not associated with gestational diabetes?

<p>Increased insulin secretion during pregnancy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the endocrine portion of the pancreas?

<p>To regulate blood sugar by secreting hormones. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs if a mother cannot adequately compensate for increased insulin resistance during pregnancy?

<p>She may develop gestational diabetes mellitus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines fetal macrosomia?

<p>A newborn significantly larger than average. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Diabetes Mellitus

A group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood sugar levels due to problems with insulin production, function, or both.

Type 1 Diabetes

A type of diabetes where the body doesn't produce enough insulin due to damage or destruction of pancreatic beta cells.

Insulin

A hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood sugar levels.

High Blood Sugar

A condition where the blood glucose levels are higher than normal.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pancreas

An organ that produces insulin and other enzymes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Beta Cells

Cells in the pancreas that produce insulin.

Signup and view all the flashcards

GAD Antibodies

Antibodies that target Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase, inhibiting insulin production.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Classification of Diabetes

Different ways of categorizing diabetes, for example based on age/symptoms, or insulin dependency.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Insulin Resistance

A condition where the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

A serious complication of diabetes where the body breaks down fat for energy, producing ketones.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Complications of DM

Chronic hyperglycemia damages blood vessels and nerves leading to microvascular, macrovascular, and neuropathic problems.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Type 1 DM Onset

Usually presents in children and adolescents.

Signup and view all the flashcards

DM-related health risks

DM is a leading cause of eye and kidney problems and significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular events, heart failure, and atherosclerosis

Signup and view all the flashcards

Global Diabetes Impact

Diabetes is a serious worldwide health issue affecting people in various countries, causing significant illness and death.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Neonatal Diabetes

Diabetes occurring in newborns, caused by genetic mutations in specific genes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Type 1 Diabetes Onset

In Type 1 diabetes, the body's immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Idiopathic Type 1 DM

Non-autoimmune diabetes, often seen in people of African and Asian descent, with periods of high blood sugar but not always needing insulin.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Type 1 Prevalence

Type 1 diabetes is more common in certain populations, such as Caucasians, especially those of Scandinavian origin, but less common in other areas like Japan and the Pacific.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Type 2 DM (Diabetes)

Diabetes where the body doesn't use insulin effectively, often requiring insulin but with a relative insulin deficiency.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Type 2 Diabetes Origin

Type 2 diabetes is frequently linked to specific ethnic groups, including people of African, African-Caribbean, and South Asian heritage.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Genetic Syndromes & Diabetes

Certain genetic disorders can increase the risk of diabetes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Insulin's Function

Insulin is a hormone that helps glucose enter cells for energy, keeping blood sugar levels stable.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Diseases Impacting the Pancreas

Conditions such as Pancreatic Cancer, Pancreatectomy, can lead to diabetes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Endocrine Diseases and Diabetes

Certain endocrine disorders, like acromegaly, can cause diabetes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Type 1 Diabetes: Insulin Production

In Type 1 diabetes, the pancreas stops producing insulin, hindering the transportation of glucose into cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Type 2 Diabetes: Insulin Resistance

In Type 2 diabetes, the body's cells don't respond properly to insulin, leading to high blood sugar despite insulin production.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Insulin Deficiency

A lack of insulin in the body, associated with both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ineffective Insulin Receptors

The body's cells not responding adequately to insulin, a key feature of Type 2 diabetes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Diabetes Prevalence Increase

Worldwide, diabetes cases are increasing, with projections of a significant rise in future cases.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Beta Cell Dysfunction

Impairment in the ability of beta cells in the pancreas to produce and release adequate amounts of insulin.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS)

A serious complication of type 2 diabetes with extremely high blood sugar levels, but little to no ketone production, often seen in older adults.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes

Factors that increase the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes, including family history, obesity, lack of physical activity, and certain ethnicities.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Medication-Induced Diabetes

Diabetes that can be caused by certain medications, including antipsychotics, beta-blockers, and corticosteroids.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes

Symptoms of type 2 diabetes develop more slowly and are less noticeable than those of type 1, including increased thirst, frequent urination, increased hunger, fatigue, and blurry vision.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes accounts for 90% to 95% of all diabetes cases, with higher prevalence in certain ethnic groups.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gestational Diabetes (GDM)

Diabetes that develops during pregnancy, usually due to hormonal changes making it difficult to regulate blood sugar.

Signup and view all the flashcards

GDM Risk Factors

Factors that increase the chances of developing GDM, including excess weight before pregnancy and changes in hormonal levels.

Signup and view all the flashcards

GDM Diagnosis

GDM is not diagnosed if you had diabetes before pregnancy. Only diabetes that starts during pregnancy is considered GDM.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hyperglycemia in Pregnancy

High blood sugar levels during pregnancy can cause complications like high blood pressure and larger babies.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fetal Macrosomia

A newborn who is significantly larger than average, a possible complication of hyperglycemia during pregnancy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pancreas & Diabetes

The pancreas has two parts: the endocrine part produces hormones like insulin, and the exocrine part produces digestive enzymes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

HHS: Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State

A serious complication of type 2 diabetes with very high blood sugar but little ketone production.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Diabetes Mellitus

  • Definition: A group of metabolic diseases characterized by inappropriate hyperglycemia. Results from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Most common endocrine disorder.
  • Epidemiology: A worldwide problem, significantly impacting low, middle, and high-income countries. A 2017 study found 425 million people worldwide with diabetes, projected to increase by 48% in 2045. High prevalence in Caucasians (especially Scandinavians), and lower prevalence in Japan/Pacific area. Higher in African, African-Caribbean, and South Asian populations.
  • Types:
    • Type 1: Absolute insulin deficiency. Due to autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Common in children/adolescents, but can occur at any age. Requires insulin supplementation. Associated with rapid onset of symptoms leading to dependence of external insulin. Severe hyperglycemia can cause diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).
    • Type 2: Relative insulin deficiency due to β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. Accounts for 90-95% of cases. Common in adults >40 but can occur earlier. Symptoms are often slower onset and less severe. Can present with extreme hyperglycemia (Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State- HHS).
    • Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA): A variant of Type 1. Starts in adulthood and slowly progresses. Often has poor response to oral agents and needs insulin therapy sooner than most T2DM patients.
    • Idiopathic Type 1 DM: Non-autoimmune type, often in African/Asian individuals. Periods of hyperglycemia with intermittent need for insulin.

Pathophysiology

  • Type 1 DM: Autoimmune response against the pancreas's β-cells, leading to absolute insulin deficiency. Often connected to environmental triggers (viral infections, diet). Risk varies by genetics: presence of HLA class II alleles.
  • Type 2 DM: Progressive loss of β-cell function combined with insulin resistance in various tissues. High blood sugar levels over time can cause damage to nerves and blood vessels. The increased insulin resistance is often associated with excess abdominal body fat.
  • Incretin Hormones: Amplify glucose-induced insulin release. GIP and GLP-1 are crucial. Their function decreases in type 2 DM.
  • Counterregulatory hormones: Released during hypoglycemia. Examples include growth hormone, cortisol, and catecholamines. These hormones counterbalance insulin's effect, raising blood sugar.

Classification

  • Various over time: (1965) age-based,(1985) insulin dependency,(1999-) current classifications.
  • Current classification include gestational diabetes, monogenic defects, and antibodies to factors like Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD).

Risk Factors & Screening

  • Risk Factors: various associated with Type 2 diabetes and require regular screening, like age, body mass index, family history of diabetes, history of gestational diabetes, etc.
  • Screening: crucial in identifying individuals at risk early and allows for prompt intervention. Recommended screening for various populations, including adults above age 45, pregnant women, etc.

Symptoms

  • Polydipsia (excessive thirst), polyphagia (excessive hunger), polyuria (frequent urination), unexplained weight loss, blurry vision (retinopathy), poor wound healing, and fatigue.

Complications

  • Damage to blood vessels (macrovascular complications like cardiovascular disease and stroke), nerve damage (neuropathic complications), kidney disease (nephrotic syndrome), eye damage (retinopathy), and poor wound healing.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Ebpt 1 - Diabetes Part 1 PDF

Description

Explore the key aspects of Diabetes Mellitus, including its definition, epidemiology, and types. Learn about the differences between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes and understand their implications on public health. This quiz provides a comprehensive overview of one of the most prevalent endocrine disorders worldwide.

More Like This

Endocrine Disorders and Diabetes Mellitus Quiz
42 questions

Endocrine Disorders and Diabetes Mellitus Quiz

LowRiskKnowledge avatar
LowRiskKnowledge
Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders Quiz
120 questions

Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders Quiz

RegalComprehension8302 avatar
RegalComprehension8302
Type 2 Diabetes: Disease Summary
40 questions

Type 2 Diabetes: Disease Summary

InnocuousWashington avatar
InnocuousWashington
Endocrine and Diabetes Disorders Overview
29 questions

Endocrine and Diabetes Disorders Overview

IncredibleHarpGuitar avatar
IncredibleHarpGuitar
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser