Diabetes Mellitus Overview
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Questions and Answers

What year did the World Health Organization's classification of diabetes first start?

  • 2000
  • 1965 (correct)
  • 1985
  • 1999

    • Which type of diabetes is characterized by absolute insulin deficiency?

  • Maturity Onset Diabetes
  • Type 2 DM
  • Gestational Diabetes
  • Type 1 DM (correct)

    • What was the significant change in the classification of diabetes in 1985?

  • Based on genetic factors
  • Based on lifestyle habits
  • Based on the patient's dependency on insulin (correct)
  • Based on age range of patients

    • At what age does type 2 diabetes typically start to develop?

    <p>Older than 40 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of the immune response associated with GAD antibodies in diabetes?

    <p>Conversion of glutamic acid to GABA inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the latest classification of diabetes?

    <p>The latest classification was established in 1999</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What metabolic issue characterizes diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Inappropriate hyperglycemia due to insulin defects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the destruction of beta islet cells in type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Pancreatic damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of Type 1 diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Autoimmune destruction of β-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most significant risk associated with diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes Type 2 diabetes mellitus?

    <p>It is characterized by insulin resistance with β-cell dysfunction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition may develop due to extreme hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age group most commonly associated with Type 1 diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Children and adolescents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of chronic hyperglycemia in diabetic patients?

    <p>Vascular and nerve damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is associated with diabetic ketoacidosis?

    <p>Rapid breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism leads to the need for insulin supplementation in Type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Destruction of pancreatic β-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant global health concern contributing to morbidity and mortality in the 21st century?

    <p>Diabetes Mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By what percentage is the global population with diabetes expected to increase by 2045 compared to 2017?

    <p>48%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What demographic group exhibits the highest prevalence of Type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Caucasians, especially Scandinavians</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in the pancreas of individuals with Type 1 diabetes?

    <p>It fails to produce insulin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the insulin response in Type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Cells fail to respond to insulin properly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age range do approximately 50-60% of patients with Type 1 diabetes typically present?

    <p>Before 20 years of age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a healthy individual, what is the primary role of insulin?

    <p>To aid in the absorption of glucose by cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ethnic groups are more commonly affected by Type 2 diabetes?

    <p>African, African-Caribbean and South Asian</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes neonatal diabetes?

    <p>Mutations in specific genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which patient population is commonly associated with idiopathic type 1 diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Patients of African and Asian descent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main issue in type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Ineffective use of insulin by the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions often requires insulin therapy despite type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Certain patients with type 2 diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic syndrome is associated with diabetes?

    <p>Turner syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes idiopathic type 1 diabetes?

    <p>It presents with intermittent episodes of hyperglycemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following endocrine diseases is associated with diabetes?

    <p>Acromegaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mutation is NOT commonly linked to neonatal diabetes?

    <p>TP53</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of dysfunction in type 2 diabetes related to insulin?

    <p>Insulin receptors fail to recognize insulin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ethnic groups are more predisposed to developing type 2 diabetes compared to people of European ancestry?

    <p>Native Americans and Asian Americans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical symptom onset pattern for type 2 diabetes compared to type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Symptoms are slower in onset and less marked.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by extremely high blood glucose levels without significant ketone production?

    <p>Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is known to potentially induce diabetes?

    <p>Atypical antipsychotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a precipitating factor for Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS) in older adults with type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Infection or dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true concerning blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes during HHS?

    <p>Blood glucose levels are extremely high.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the varying degrees of β-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes often lead to?

    <p>Insulin resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of gestational diabetes (GDM)?

    <p>It results from hormonal changes in pregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a consequence of hyperglycemia during pregnancy?

    <p>Increased chance of fetal macrosomia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does excessive weight prior to pregnancy influence gestational diabetes?

    <p>It often contributes to the risk of developing GDM.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is true?

    <p>It typically manifests in adolescents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is not associated with gestational diabetes?

    <p>Increased insulin secretion during pregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the endocrine portion of the pancreas?

    <p>To regulate blood sugar by secreting hormones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs if a mother cannot adequately compensate for increased insulin resistance during pregnancy?

    <p>She may develop gestational diabetes mellitus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines fetal macrosomia?

    <p>A newborn significantly larger than average.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Diabetes Mellitus

    • Definition: A group of metabolic diseases characterized by inappropriate hyperglycemia. Results from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Most common endocrine disorder.
    • Epidemiology: A worldwide problem, significantly impacting low, middle, and high-income countries. A 2017 study found 425 million people worldwide with diabetes, projected to increase by 48% in 2045. High prevalence in Caucasians (especially Scandinavians), and lower prevalence in Japan/Pacific area. Higher in African, African-Caribbean, and South Asian populations.
    • Types:
      • Type 1: Absolute insulin deficiency. Due to autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Common in children/adolescents, but can occur at any age. Requires insulin supplementation. Associated with rapid onset of symptoms leading to dependence of external insulin. Severe hyperglycemia can cause diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).
      • Type 2: Relative insulin deficiency due to β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. Accounts for 90-95% of cases. Common in adults >40 but can occur earlier. Symptoms are often slower onset and less severe. Can present with extreme hyperglycemia (Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State- HHS).
      • Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA): A variant of Type 1. Starts in adulthood and slowly progresses. Often has poor response to oral agents and needs insulin therapy sooner than most T2DM patients.
      • Idiopathic Type 1 DM: Non-autoimmune type, often in African/Asian individuals. Periods of hyperglycemia with intermittent need for insulin.

    Pathophysiology

    • Type 1 DM: Autoimmune response against the pancreas's β-cells, leading to absolute insulin deficiency. Often connected to environmental triggers (viral infections, diet). Risk varies by genetics: presence of HLA class II alleles.
    • Type 2 DM: Progressive loss of β-cell function combined with insulin resistance in various tissues. High blood sugar levels over time can cause damage to nerves and blood vessels. The increased insulin resistance is often associated with excess abdominal body fat.
    • Incretin Hormones: Amplify glucose-induced insulin release. GIP and GLP-1 are crucial. Their function decreases in type 2 DM.
    • Counterregulatory hormones: Released during hypoglycemia. Examples include growth hormone, cortisol, and catecholamines. These hormones counterbalance insulin's effect, raising blood sugar.

    Classification

    • Various over time: (1965) age-based,(1985) insulin dependency,(1999-) current classifications.
    • Current classification include gestational diabetes, monogenic defects, and antibodies to factors like Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD).

    Risk Factors & Screening

    • Risk Factors: various associated with Type 2 diabetes and require regular screening, like age, body mass index, family history of diabetes, history of gestational diabetes, etc.
    • Screening: crucial in identifying individuals at risk early and allows for prompt intervention. Recommended screening for various populations, including adults above age 45, pregnant women, etc.

    Symptoms

    • Polydipsia (excessive thirst), polyphagia (excessive hunger), polyuria (frequent urination), unexplained weight loss, blurry vision (retinopathy), poor wound healing, and fatigue.

    Complications

    • Damage to blood vessels (macrovascular complications like cardiovascular disease and stroke), nerve damage (neuropathic complications), kidney disease (nephrotic syndrome), eye damage (retinopathy), and poor wound healing.

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    Ebpt 1 - Diabetes Part 1 PDF

    Description

    Explore the key aspects of Diabetes Mellitus, including its definition, epidemiology, and types. Learn about the differences between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes and understand their implications on public health. This quiz provides a comprehensive overview of one of the most prevalent endocrine disorders worldwide.

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