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Questions and Answers
What is a common symptom of hypothyroidism?
Which treatment is most commonly used for hyperthyroidism?
What hormone is primarily produced by the adrenal glands?
Cushing's syndrome is primarily caused by an excess of which hormone?
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Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of hyperthyroidism?
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Which gland is primarily responsible for regulating metabolism?
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Hypothyroidism may cause which of the following conditions?
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Which condition is characterized by excessive production of ACTH?
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What is the main function of the glucagon secreted by alpha cells?
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Which of the following is a potential cause of Cushing's syndrome?
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What is the primary hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that helps regulate sodium and water balance?
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Which condition is primarily caused by insufficient production of thyroid hormones?
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What treatment option is commonly used for managing hyperthyroidism?
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom of hypothyroidism?
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What is one major cause of Cushing Syndrome?
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Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing serum glucose levels produced by the adrenal cortex?
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What condition is characterized by excessive levels of thyroid hormones causing a hypermetabolic state?
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Which symptom is commonly associated with Cushing Syndrome?
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What is a potential complication of Addison's Disease?
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In hypothyroidism, what is a common manifestation related to body temperature?
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Which symptom would you NOT expect in a patient with hyperthyroidism?
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What role does iodine play in thyroid hormone synthesis?
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What is the most common cause of primary adrenal insufficiency?
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Study Notes
Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
- A group of conditions, characterized by hyperglycemia, resulting from defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both
- Impaired insulin production, or action, results in an abnormal carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism
- Complications:
- Hyperglycemia: Blood glucose above 125 mg/dL while fasting
- Glucose toxicity: affects blood vessels in the body, leading to cardiovascular damage
- Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA): Without enough insulin, the body begins to breakdown fat as fuel, which can lead to organ failure and cerebral edema
Type 1 Diabetes
- Insufficient insulin production
- Immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells
- Must take insulin - injections
- Usually strikes children and young adults, but onset can occur at any age
- Exact cause unknown, but most likely a viral or environmental trigger in genetically susceptible people that causes an autoimmune reaction
- Cannot be prevented
Prediabetes
- Blood glucose levels are higher than normal
- Cells become insulin-resistant
- Adipose cells secrete immune/inflammatory substances that impair insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism
- Glucose levels in the blood increase as a result of insulin resistance
- Causes pancreas to increase insulin production to compensate
- Hyperglycemia may destroy/desensitize beta cells (glucose toxicity)
- Lifestyle changes can prevent or delay type 2 DM:
- Diet high in fruits, vegetables, lean meats, and whole grains
- Increased physical activity
Type 2 Diabetes
- The pancreas gradually loses its ability to produce insulin
- Risk factors: advancing age, obesity, family history of DM, physical inactivity
- Usually managed initially with oral antidiabetic medications that increase insulin production and action
- As the condition progresses, supplemental insulin is often necessary as pancreatic production declines
Gestational Diabetes
- A form of glucose intolerance diagnosed during pregnancy
- Treatment usually includes lifestyle changes and insulin
- Women who have had gestational diabetes have a 40-60% chance of developing diabetes within 5-10 years
- About 5-10% of women will be diagnosed with diabetes, usually type 2, immediately following pregnancy
- Pregnancy Complications:
- Increased fetal weight/size, premature birth, baby has a higher chance of developing type 2 diabetes later in life
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Description
Explore the essential concepts of Diabetes Mellitus, including its definitions, causes, and types. This quiz covers hyperglycemia, Type 1 Diabetes characteristics, and prediabetes implications. Test your knowledge on the metabolic disorder that affects millions worldwide.
