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Questions and Answers
What is the primary characteristic of Type 1 diabetes (IDDM)?
Which of the following is a significant contributing factor for the development of Type 2 diabetes (NIDDM)?
What percentage of all diabetes cases does Type 2 diabetes account for?
Which symptom is common to both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?
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What is the fasting plasma glucose level that indicates diabetes?
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What is a typical laboratory finding in both types of diabetes?
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Which factor is least likely to contribute to the onset of Type 1 diabetes?
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Which statement about Type 2 diabetes is correct?
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What is the primary function of insulin in glucose metabolism?
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Where is glucagon synthesized?
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During times of physical and emotional stress, which hormone is released to increase blood glucose levels?
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What effect does cortisol have on glucose metabolism?
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Which hormone decreases glucose entry into cells while increasing plasma glucose?
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Thyroxine is primarily responsible for which of the following?
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What is somatostatin's role in glucose metabolism?
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What characterizes Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
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What type of carbohydrates cannot be hydrolyzed to a simpler form?
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Which of the following is made up of two monosaccharides?
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What is the primary function of glycogenesis?
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Gluconeogenesis primarily involves the conversion of which substances into glucose?
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Which metabolic pathway is activated during fasting to increase blood glucose levels?
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During glycolysis, what is the end product formed if glucose is fully metabolized?
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Which carbohydrate is NOT classified as a polysaccharide?
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Lipogenesis is primarily associated with which process?
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What are the key elements found in carbohydrates?
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Which of the following is a common feature of polysaccharides?
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Study Notes
Diabetes Mellitus
- Metabolic disease characterized by elevated blood glucose due to defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.
Diabetes Mellitus Classification
-
Type 1 (IDDM): 5-10% of all diabetes cases
- Occurs in childhood and adolescence
- Abrupt onset
- Insulin dependence
- Tendency towards ketosis
- Absence of insulin with excess glucagon
- β-Cell destruction leading to absolute insulin deficiency
- Autoantibodies
-
Type 2 (NIDDM): 90% of all diabetes cases
- Adult onset
- Insulin resistance with secretory defect
- Relative insulin deficiency (hyperinsulinemia)
- Increased with age, obesity, and lack of exercise
- Glucagon secretion is attenuated
- Non-insulin dependent
- Ketosis tendency is rare
- Higher tendency to develop hyperosmolar states
Diabetes Mellitus Symptoms
- Polydipsia (increased thirst)
- Polyuria (increased urination)
- Polyphagia (increased hunger)
Diabetes Mellitus Laboratory Findings
- Increased glucose in plasma and urine
- Increased urine specific gravity
- Increased serum and urine osmolality
- Ketones in serum and urine (ketonemia and ketonuria)
- Decreased blood pH and urine pH (acidosis)
- Electrolyte imbalance (decreased Na, increased K)
Diabetes Mellitus Diagnostic Criteria
- Random plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms of diabetes
- Fasting plasma glucose ≥126 mg/dL
- 2-hour plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dL during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
Categories of Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
- Provisional diabetes diagnosis: FPG ≤126 mg/dL
- Impaired fasting glucose: FBG 100-125 mg/dL
- Normal fasting glucose: FBG ≤99 mg/dL
Regulation of Glucose Metabolism
-
Insulin (hypoglycemic agent)
- Primary hormone for decreasing blood glucose
- Synthesized by β cells in the islets of Langerhans (pancreas)
- Increases glycogenesis, glycolysis, and lipogenesis; decreases glycogenolysis
-
Glucagon (hyperglycemic agent)
- Primary hormone responsible for increasing blood glucose
- Synthesized by α cells in the islets of Langerhans (pancreas)
- Increases glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
-
Epinephrine
- Produced by the adrenal medulla; increases blood glucose
- Released during stress
- Inhibits insulin secretion; increases glycogenolysis and lipolysis
-
Cortisol (glucocorticoids)
- Produced by the adrenal cortex; increases plasma glucose
- Decreases intestinal glucose entry into cells; increases gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and lipolysis
-
Growth hormone
- Produced by the anterior pituitary gland; increases plasma glucose
- Decreases glucose entry into cells; increases glycolysis
-
Thyroxine
- Produced by the thyroid gland; increases plasma glucose
- Increases glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and glucose intestinal absorption
-
Somatostatin
- Produced by the delta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas and hypothalamus.
- Increases plasma glucose by inhibiting insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, etc.
Hyperglycemia
- Increase in plasma glucose leads to insulin secretion by β cells in the pancreatic islets.
Glucose Metabolism
- Glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhof Pathway): Glucose is converted into ATP, lactate, and pyruvate; insulin-dependent
- Gluconeogenesis: Formation of glucose-6-phosphate from non-carbohydrate sources (like fats and proteins); yields glucose and ketone bodies.
- Glycogenolysis: Breakdown of glycogen into glucose for energy; glucagon-dependent
- Glycogenesis: Conversion of glucose into glycogen for storage; insulin-dependent
- Lipogenesis: Conversion of carbohydrates into fatty acids
- Lipolysis: Decomposition of fat
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Description
This quiz covers the essentials of Diabetes Mellitus, including its classification into Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, their onset, symptoms, and underlying mechanisms. Test your knowledge on metabolic diseases and understand the differences between these two common types of diabetes.
