Diabetes Mellitus Overview

Diabetes Mellitus: The Silent Epidemic

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, resulting from defects in insulin production or insulin action, or both. It is a serious global health concern, affecting millions of people worldwide.

Types of Diabetes Mellitus

There are several types of diabetes mellitus, including type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes, and other less common types.

Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes, also known as juvenile or insulin-dependent diabetes, is characterized by an autoimmune reaction in which the body attacks its own insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. This results in a deficiency of insulin, which is necessary for the body to process glucose from food. People with type 1 diabetes need to inject insulin daily to survive.

Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes, accounting for approximately 90-95% of all cases. It occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or does not produce enough insulin to maintain normal blood glucose levels. Type 2 diabetes is often preventable and can be managed through lifestyle changes such as maintaining a healthy weight, regular exercise, and a balanced diet.

Gestational Diabetes

Gestational diabetes is a form of diabetes that develops during pregnancy, affecting roughly 2-10% of pregnant women. It is usually diagnosed through prenatal screening and resolves after delivery, but it increases the risk of complications for both the mother and the baby.

Other Types

There are other less common types of diabetes, such as monogenic diabetes, which is caused by single-gene mutations, and cystic fibrosis-related diabetes, which occurs in people with cystic fibrosis.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diabetes mellitus is diagnosed through blood tests that measure blood glucose levels. Treatment for diabetes depends on the type and severity of the condition. People with type 1 diabetes require insulin injections, while type 2 diabetes can often be managed through lifestyle changes and, in some cases, oral medications or insulin injections.

Prevention and Management

Prevention and management of diabetes involve maintaining a healthy weight, regular exercise, a balanced diet, and, in some cases, medication as prescribed by a healthcare provider. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for preventing complications associated with diabetes, such as heart disease, vision loss, and kidney disease.