Diabetes Management Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the recommended amount of carbohydrate needed for quick relief from hypoglycemia?

  • 15 grams (correct)
  • 10 grams
  • 20 grams
  • 25 grams

    • What should be done if a person is found unconscious due to low blood sugar?

  • Leave them until they regain consciousness
  • Bring them to the nearest hospital for Dextrose 50% administration (correct)
  • Shake them gently to wake them up
  • Give them sugar or honey

    • Which of the following actions should be avoided after taking medications for diabetes?

  • Carry a source of sugar
  • Maintain a regular meal schedule
  • Monitor blood sugar levels
  • Engage in strenuous activities (correct)

    • During periods of illness, what is recommended to manage diabetes properly?

    <p>Drink plenty of water to avoid dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key measure to prevent hypoglycemia in diabetic patients?

    <p>Carry fast-acting sugars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of monitoring and control in diabetes management?

    <p>Controlling blood glucose and other risk factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dietary composition is recommended for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)?

    <p>35-45% carbohydrates, 20-25% proteins, 35-40% fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which oral hypoglycemic drug primarily affects the liver?

    <p>Biguanides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant benefit of a pancreas transplant concerning beta cells?

    <p>They can attach to blood vessels and function normally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of effective behavior modification in diabetes management?

    <p>Limiting to low-sugar diet only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of macroangiopathies?

    <p>Damage to large blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complication is associated with an increased risk of amputation due to foot ulceration?

    <p>Foot ulceration recurrence of 50% within 2 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does DKA stand for, and what does it indicate?

    <p>Diabetic Ketoacidosis, uncontrolled ketone production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily responsible for the dehydration of brain cells in nonketotic hyperosmolar coma?

    <p>High glucose levels causing an osmotic effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is gangrene primarily caused by?

    <p>Loss of blood supply, with or without infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines hypoglycemia?

    <p>Blood glucose level less than 50 mg/dl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is commonly associated with hyperglycemia?

    <p>Excessive thirst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action should be taken in the event of hypoglycemia?

    <p>Check blood sugar and adjust food intake accordingly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Type 1 diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Absolute insulin deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of insulin in the body?

    <p>To allow glucose to enter the cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with hyperglycemia that occurs during pregnancy?

    <p>Gestational diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary factor contributes to the development of Type 2 diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Ineffective use of insulin due to lifestyle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT typically associated with diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Increased energy levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Type 1 has absolute insulin deficiency, while Type 2 features insulin resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes gestational diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Mainly occurs in pregnant women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of impaired action of insulin on target tissues?

    <p>Increased glucose production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by absolute insulin deficiency due to beta-cell destruction?

    <p>Type 1 diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common risk factor associated with Type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature distinguishes Type 1 diabetes from Type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Insulin is required in Type 1 diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the fasting plasma glucose criteria for diagnosis of diabetes?

    <p>Normal: &lt; 100 mg/dL, Impaired fasting: 100 - 125 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT classified as a genetic defect related to diabetes?

    <p>Immune-mediated defects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of pregnancy hormones in gestational diabetes?

    <p>Induction of insulin resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is commonly associated with diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Polyuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following complications is most directly related to prolonged hyperglycemia?

    <p>Ketoacidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Lecture 10 - MNT for Diabetes Mellitus

    • Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia and disordered insulin metabolism.
    • "Diabetes" in Greek refers to excessive urination, a characteristic of untreated diabetes.
    • "Mellitus" means sweet, honey-like, referring to the sweet taste of urine in untreated diabetes.

    Definition of Diabetes

    • Diabetes is characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood sugar).
    • Defects in insulin production.
    • Autoimmune or other destruction of beta cells.
    • Insulin insensitivity.
    • Impaired action of insulin on target tissues.

    Glucose

    • Glucose is an essential nutrient providing energy for proper body cell function.
    • The major source of glucose is absorption of ingested food into the gastrointestinal tract, into the blood, and transported to all cells in the body.
    • Glucose needs insulin to enter the cells.

    Insulin

    • Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas, especially during meals.
    • Insulin controls blood glucose levels by regulating the production and storage of glucose.
    • Without insulin, glucose cannot enter cells and remains in the blood.

    Pancreas

    • The pancreas produces insulin (beta cells) and glucagon (alpha cells).

    Types of Diabetes

    Type 1

    • Deficient insulin production.
    • Requires daily insulin.
    • Unknown etiology; not preventable.
    • Symptoms: polyuria, polydipsia, hunger, weight loss, vision changes, fatigue.

    Type 2

    • Ineffective use of insulin.
    • Results from excess body weight and a sedentary lifestyle.

    Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)

    • Hyperglycemia with onset or first recognition during pregnancy.
    • Diagnosed through prenatal screening.
    • Impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glycemia causing large gestational-aged infants and hypertension.

    Classification of Diabetes Mellitus

    1. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: B-cell dysfunction leading to absolute insulin deficiency.
    2. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Predominant insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency or predominant secretory defect with insulin resistance.
    3. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
    4. Secondary Types (steroid-induced, stress-induced)

    Other Specific Types

    • Genetic defects of beta-cell function.
    • Genetic defects in insulin action.
    • Disease of exocrine pancreas.
    • Endocrine gland disorders.
    • Drug-induced.
    • Infections.
    • Immune-mediated.
    • Genetic syndromes.

    Features of Type 1 & Type 2

    Feature Type 1 Type 2
    Viral/hereditary Yes Yes
    Insulin required Yes Needed if extremely high
    Normal response to insulin Yes Resistant
    Ketoacidosis Yes No
    Prevalence 5-10% 90-95%
    Type IDDM, Juvenile, ketosis-prone, brittle NIDDM, adult-onset, ketosis-resistant, stable

    Risk Factors

    • Hyperuricemia
    • Microalbuminuria
    • Dyslipidemia
    • Previous IGT (oral glucose tolerance test value 140-199 mg/dL)
    • Previous GDM (gestational diabetes) with macrosomic or large gestational-age infant (>3.7 kg birth weight).
    • Poor obstetric history
    • Obesity (BMI > 23 kg/m2; waist-hip ratio >1; waist circumference >80 cm in females, >90 cm in males)
    • Family history of Type 2 diabetes
    • Age
    • Hypertension
    • Coronary heart disease

    Etiologic Factors

    Type 1

    • Beta-cell destruction usually leads to absolute insulin deficiency.
    • Autoimmune
    • Idiopathic

    Type 2

    • Relative insulin deficiency.
    • Secretory defect with (or without) insulin resistance.

    GDM

    • Pregnancy hormones (placental lactogen, cortisol, prolactin, progesterone).

    Characteristics of Diabetes Mellitus

    • Hyperglycemia
    • Polydipsia
    • Polyuria
    • Polyphagia
    • Weakness/fatigue
    • Blurred vision
    • Ketosis
    • Glycosuria
    • Ketonuria
    • Decreased capacity of tissues to heal
    • Weight loss

    Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus

    • Frequent urination
    • Dehydration/dry mouth
    • Increased thirst
    • Blurred vision
    • Increased infections
    • Weight loss
    • Increased hunger
    • Fatigue

    Criteria for Diagnosis of Diabetes

    Fasting Plasma Glucose Post Prandial Plasma Glucose
    Normal < 100 mg/dL < 140 mg/dL
    Impaired Fasting Glucose 100-125 mg/dL -
    Impaired Glucose Tolerance - 140-199 mg/dL
    Diabetes ≥126 mg/dL ≥200 mg/dL

    Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

    1. Macroangiopathies: Damage to large blood vessels.
    • Diabetes increases risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) by 300%.
    • Atherosclerosis.
    • Foot ulceration (15%), recurrence (50% within 2 years), amputation (20%).
    1. Microangiopathies: Damage to small blood vessels.
    • Retinopathy
    • Neuropathy
    • Nephropathy
    1. Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA): Uncontrolled production of ketones by the liver, leading to acidosis due to increased glucose production.
    • Characteristics: hypoglycemia, metabolic acidosis, ketones in urine/blood.
    • Often associated with Type 1 DM; may occur in Type 2 with intercurrent illness.
    1. Nonketotic Hyperosmolar Coma: Hyperglycemia and hyperosmolarity in the absence of ketosis.
    • Dehydration of brain cells due to the osmotic pressure exerted by high glucose in the blood.
    • Insufficient/defective insulin.
    • Characteristics: elderly patients, severe dehydration, polyuria, polydipsia, impaired renal function preventing clearance of glucose in the liver.
    • No metabolic acidosis.

    1. Gangrene: Death of tissue due to loss of blood supply with or without bacterial infection.

    2. Insulin shock: Overdose of insulin.

    3. Infection: Depressed immune function.

    4. Hyperglycemia: Elevated blood glucose levels due to excessive carbohydrate intake, irregular medication use, infection, or stress.

    • Symptoms: Dry mouth, fatigue, excessive thirst, drowsiness, frequent urination.
    1. Hypoglycemia : Low blood glucose (less than 50mg/dL or 2.7 mmol/L) due to delayed or skipped meals, insufficient food intake, too much exercise, incorrect medication dose, or heavy alcohol consumption.
    • Symptoms: Headache, seizure or coma, shakiness, weakness/fatigue, sweating, disorientation, numbness/tingling of lips or fingers.

    What to Do

    • Hyperglycemia:* Check blood sugar, drink plenty of water, stick to diet plan, consult doctor if hospitalization needed.
    • Hypoglycemia:* Have quick-acting sugar (15 grams of carbohydrate), e.g. 1/2 cup fruit juice, 1/2 cup soda, 1 cup milk, glucose gel/tablet, 1-2 teaspoons sugar/honey, 5-6 hard candies. If unconscious, bring to hospital for dextrose 50% IV.

    Prevention of Hypoglycemia

    • Take medications as prescribed
    • Keep regular meal schedule.
    • Have quick-acting sugars available.
    • Avoid strenuous activities immediately after medication or insulin injection.
    • Carry a source of sugar during heavy activity.
    • Do not operate machinery or drive if blood sugars are low.

    Guidelines to Follow During Illness

    • Take insulin or oral anti-diabetic agents as usual.
    • Test blood sugar more often; and record results.
    • Report elevated blood sugar levels (> 300mg/dL) to physician.
    • Drink plenty of water, especially if vomiting or diarrhea.
    • Eat crackers or soup frequently if unable to eat regular food.
    • Consult physician if infection or symptoms persist.

    Management of Diabetes Mellitus

    1. Medical (insulin, oral hypoglycemic drugs)
    2. Dietary
    3. Behavior Modification
    4. Pancreas Transplant

    Monitoring and Control

    • Control blood glucose levels.
    • Monitor other risk factors that damage blood vessels.
    • Monitor blood pressure.
    • Practice foot care.
    • Screen for retinopathy, blood lipids, early signs of diabetes-related kidney disease.

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    Lecture 10 - MNT for Diabetes Mellitus PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge about effective diabetes management strategies, including treatment options, dietary recommendations, and essential measures to prevent hypoglycemia. This quiz covers critical aspects of managing diabetes and understanding its complications.

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