Questions and Answers
What is the primary cause of diabetes insipidus?
Abnormality in the functioning or levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
What is the main difference between central and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?
What is the name of the tumor that can cause hyperparathyroidism?
Parathyroid adenoma
Hypopituitarism is a condition characterized by the overproduction of hormones from the pituitary gland.
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What is the name of the cancer that forms in certain types of nerve tissue, often affecting children under the age of 5?
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What is the primary symptom of acromegaly?
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What is the name of the rare tumor of adrenal gland tissue that results in the release of too much epinephrine and norepinephrine?
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Study Notes
Diabetes Insipidus
- Caused by abnormal levels or function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin.
- ADH is produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the pituitary gland; regulates fluid balance in the body.
- Two forms:
- Central diabetes insipidus: Low production or release of ADH leads to dilute urine and increased thirst.
- Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: Adequate ADH present, but kidneys fail to respond, resulting in dilute urine.
Causes of Diabetes Insipidus
- Genetic mutations affecting vasopressin gene.
- Brain tumors such as pituitary adenomas.
- Head injuries damaging the pituitary or hypothalamus, often from surgery.
- Metabolic disorders: high blood sugar, high blood calcium, low potassium.
- Drug effects, notably lithium for bipolar disorder.
Pituitary Gland Disorders
-
Pituitary adenomas: Can be functional (produce excess hormones) or non-functional. Excess hormones can lead to:
- Acromegaly: Caused by excess growth hormone, characterized by enlarged hands and feet.
- Cushing's syndrome: Result of prolonged high cortisol levels.
Hypopituitarism
- Condition with reduced hormone production from the pituitary gland due to gland damage.
- Impairs the secretion of hormones critical for various bodily functions.
- Damage can stem from:
- Tumor-induced impaired blood flow or compression.
- Related inflammation.
- Symptoms vary by hormone deficiency:
- Growth hormone: Fatigue, muscle weakness, altered body fat, lack of ambition.
- LH and FSH: For women: hot flashes, irregular periods, inability to breast-feed; for men: erectile dysfunction, mood changes.
Parathyroid Glands
- Four small glands located behind the thyroid, regulating blood and bone calcium.
- Hyperparathyroidism: Results from tumors causing excessive parathyroid hormone (PTH) production, leading to hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia.
- Symptoms include fatigue, thirst, increased urination, loss of appetite, muscle weakness, and constipation.
Neuroblastoma
- A cancer of nerve tissue, more common in children aged five and under.
- Often starts in adrenal glands, but can develop in other areas (neck, chest, abdomen).
- Symptoms: bone pain, abdominal lump, or swelling in neck/chest.
- Cancer begins with genetic mutations leading to uncontrolled cell growth.
Pheochromocytoma
- Rare adrenal gland tumor resulting in excessive release of epinephrine and norepinephrine.
- These hormones regulate heart rate, metabolism, and blood pressure.
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Description
This quiz covers the pathophysiology of Diabetes Insipidus, a condition caused by abnormality in the functioning or levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). It affects the body's ability to regulate fluid levels. The quiz will test your understanding of the two forms of Diabetes Insipidus.
