Questions and Answers
What is the predicted number of adults living with diabetes by 2045?
783 million
In which type of countries do over 3 in 4 adults with diabetes live?
Low- and middle-income countries
What is the prevalence of diabetes in England & Wales in 2019/20?
7.2%
What percentage of inpatients have Diabetes in England & Wales?
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What is the acronym for Impaired Glucose Tolerance?
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What is the cause of at least USD 966 billion dollars in health expenditure?
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What is responsible for 6.7 million deaths in 2021?
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What is the primary acute symptom of diabetes mentioned in the text?
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What is the predicted increase in the number of adults living with diabetes by 2030?
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What is the percentage of NHS spend related to diabetes?
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What is the acronym for Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young?
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What is the percentage of increase in health expenditure caused by diabetes over the last 15 years?
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Which type of diabetes is associated with the use of Teplizumab as a treatment option?
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What are the chronic complications of diabetes?
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How can diabetes be diagnosed?
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Which type of diabetes involves specific glucose levels in its definition?
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What are the acute complications of diabetes?
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Which diabetes complication can lead to ulcers and autonomic issues?
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What are the treatment options for Type 2 diabetes?
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What are the different types of diabetes?
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Which complication of diabetes involves the renal microcirculation?
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What are the long-term complications of diabetes?
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What is an example of a treatment option for Type 1 diabetes?
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What can diabetic retinopathy lead to?
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What is the speaker's profession?
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What does the speaker plan to talk about?
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How does the speaker describe the format of the talk?
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What does the speaker encourage the audience to do during the talk?
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How does the speaker welcome sharing from the audience?
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What is the speaker's name?
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What proportion of inpatients at Royal Sussex County Hospital have diabetes?
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What is the annual spending of NHS on diabetes treatment?
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Which type of diabetes is more common in older age groups?
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What is the primary treatment for preventing death in type one diabetes?
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Which country has a significant portion of its population with diabetes, leading to NHS burden?
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What is a global issue related to diabetes treatment?
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What is the primary cause of diabetic ketoacidosis?
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What percentage of people with type 1 diabetes present with or close to diabetic ketoacidosis?
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Which type of diabetes accounts for the majority of cases in Sussex?
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What is the initial treatment requirement for type 1 diabetes?
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What is the diagnostic basis for diabetes?
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What is the most common method for diagnosing diabetes?
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What age is recommended for annual diabetes check-ups?
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What are the long-term complications of high glucose levels mentioned in the text?
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What is the basis for establishing diabetes thresholds?
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What is the variation in diabetes care across different regions in England and Wales attributed to?
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What is the threshold for diabetes determined based on?
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What is the primary goal of treating diabetes according to the text?
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What is the primary cause of dehydration in individuals with diabetes?
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What is the purpose of laser treatment in diabetic eye complications?
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What is the role of injections in diabetic eye complications?
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What can the leakage of proteins and other substances from fragile vessels into the retina lead to?
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What is the effect of inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in diabetic eye complications?
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What is the cause of peripheral neuropathy in diabetes?
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Study Notes
Diabetes: Key Points
- Chronic complications of diabetes include stroke, heart disease, eye disease, kidney disease, and nerve damage.
- The definition of diabetes involves symptoms and specific glucose levels.
- Diabetes can be diagnosed through symptoms or elevated glucose levels.
- There are different types of diabetes, including Type 1, Type 2, genetic, pancreatic, endocrine, drug-induced, syndromic, and gestational diabetes.
- Acute complications of diabetes include diabetic ketoacidosis, which can lead to various health issues.
- Long-term complications of diabetes include neovascularization, retinopathy, and neuropathy.
- Diabetic retinopathy presents with clinical stages and pathological findings.
- Neuropathy associated with diabetes can lead to various complications such as ulcers and autonomic issues.
- Nephropathy, a common complication of diabetes, involves the renal microcirculation and different clinical stages.
- Treatment options for Type 1 diabetes include Teplizumab and structured education programs.
- Insulin regimens for Type 1 diabetes vary based on social deprivation and ethnicity.
- Treatment options for Type 2 diabetes include metformin, sulfonylurea, pioglitazone, DDP4 inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors, and GLP1 receptor agonists.
Diabetes Complications and Treatments
- High glucose levels in diabetes lead to dehydration, resulting in the loss of 10-15 liters of total body fluid, making individuals very sick.
- Older, frail individuals with diabetes may avoid drinking water due to the inconvenience of frequent bathroom trips, leading to dehydration and illness.
- Low glucose (hypoglycemia) can occur due to insulin treatment, causing symptoms such as irritability, shakiness, and loss of consciousness if severe.
- Long-term complications of diabetes include eye problems, such as retinal abnormalities that can be detected through annual digital eye photography.
- Laser treatment can be used to burn the retina to reduce its demand for blood and oxygen in diabetic eye complications.
- Injections can also be administered to prevent the formation of abnormal blood vessels in the eye, which are fragile and prone to bleeding, leading to vision loss.
- National screening programs and effective treatments have reduced diabetes-related blindness, demonstrating the impact of proactive measures.
- High glucose thickens the basement membrane of blood vessels, leading to the formation of fragile new vessels in the retina that can bleed and affect vision.
- The leakage of proteins and other substances from these fragile vessels into the retina can impair vision without the individual being aware of it.
- Inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) can prevent the formation of new vessels in the eye, and regular monitoring and staging are essential for timely treatment.
- Peripheral neuropathy, a diabetes complication, affects the longest nerves in the extremities, making them more fragile and susceptible to damage.
- Similar to eye complications, thickening of cells due to high glucose levels can affect nerves, leading to peripheral neuropathy symptoms.
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