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Questions and Answers

What defines an antibiotic in modern terminology?

  • A substance produced by microorganisms or chemically synthesized that inhibits the growth of other microorganisms. (correct)
  • A disinfectant that can be safely used in systemic infections.
  • A substance produced by mammals that kills bacteria.
  • Any substance that can inhibit the growth of all microorganisms.

    • What is the primary difference between bactericidal and bacteriostatic antibiotics?

  • Bactericidal antibiotics inhibit growth while bacteriostatic antibiotics kill bacteria.
  • Bactericidal antibiotics are broad spectrum while bacteriostatic antibiotics are narrow spectrum.
  • There is no difference; both terms can be used interchangeably.
  • Bactericidal antibiotics kill bacteria, while bacteriostatic antibiotics inhibit their growth. (correct)

    • Which of the following statements about antibiotics is true?

  • Antibiotics can be used safely at any concentration without risk to human cells.
  • All antibiotics are equally toxic to mammalian cells as they are to microorganisms.
  • The only use of antibiotics is to disinfect surfaces before surgical procedures.
  • Most antibiotics have a high therapeutic index and selectively target microbial cells. (correct)

    • Which method is NOT one of the primary ways antibiotics exert their effects?

    <p>Promotion of cell division in bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are antibiotics classified according to their spectrum of activity?

    <p>Broad spectrum and narrow spectrum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of synthetic anti-infective agents?

    <p>They can be produced partly by chemical synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential disadvantage of disinfectants compared to antibiotics?

    <p>Disinfectants are too toxic for systemic treatment of infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action is generally associated with antibiotics that belong to groups 1 and 3?

    <p>Better discrimination between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic inhibits protein chain initiation by blocking the attachment of the 50S subunit?

    <p>Streptomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action for aminoglycosides?

    <p>Prevent the formation of the initiation complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotics are known to prevent the elongation of the growing peptide chain?

    <p>Tetracyclines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do tetracyclines primarily do during protein synthesis?

    <p>Distort the shape of the 30S subunit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an effect of chloramphenicol?

    <p>Prevents completion of the initiation complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which suffix is used for aminoglycosides derived from Streptomyces?

    <p>-mycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antibiotics can cause misreading of messenger RNA messages?

    <p>Aminoglycosides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of beta-lactamase inhibitors?

    <p>They enhance the antibacterial actions of beta-lactam antibiotics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a feature of tetracyclines during the translation process?

    <p>They prevent the elongation of the peptide chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following inhibitors is isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus?

    <p>Clavulanic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Beta-lactamase inhibitors are particularly ineffective against which type of enzyme?

    <p>Cephalosporinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Isoniazid?

    <p>Interferes with mycolic acid synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of antibiotic is Caspofungin classified as?

    <p>Echinocandin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotics are specifically mentioned as being used in combination with clavulanic acid?

    <p>Amoxicillin, ampicillin, and piperacillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of bacterial ribosomes differentiates them from mammalian ribosomes?

    <p>Bacterial ribosomes consist of 30S and 50S subunits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is primarily inhibited by ethambutol?

    <p>Arabinotransferase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of doxycycline as mentioned in the content?

    <p>Prophylactic treatment for infection by Bacillus anthracis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tetracyclines is classified as a long-acting type?

    <p>Minocycline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is tigecycline primarily used to treat?

    <p>Complicated skin and skin structure infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following infections is doxycycline NOT considered the drug of choice for?

    <p>Bacterial meningitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism do glycylcyclines target to remain effective against certain bacteria?

    <p>Resistance due to efflux mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of tetracyclines?

    <p>Inhibition of protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria are tetracyclines generally effective against?

    <p>Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should tetracyclines not be used in combination with β-lactams?

    <p>Tetracyclines require bacterial division to be effective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic do kanamycin and neomycin share?

    <p>Both are used primarily for topical applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property is true of tetracycline's entry into prokaryotic cells?

    <p>They require a permease for active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following therapeutic uses is NOT commonly associated with tetracyclines?

    <p>Amebiasis treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about spectinomycin is accurate?

    <p>It is used mainly for drug-resistant gonorrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic is considered a second-line treatment for tuberculosis?

    <p>Kanamycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

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