Dewey Decimal Classification Quiz

Physiology of Urinary Elimination

• Urinary elimination depends on the effective functioning of the upper urinary tract (kidneys and ureters) and the lower urinary tract (urinary bladder, urethra, and pelvic floor)

Kidneys

• Paired kidneys are situated on either side of the spinal column, behind the peritoneal cavity
• The right kidney is slightly lower than the left due to the position of the liver
• Each kidney is about 11 cm (4.3 in) in length and weighs 125-170 g in males and 115-155 g in females
• Each kidney has 1 million nephrons, the functional units of the kidney

Nephron

• Nephron consists of glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting tubule
• Functions of the nephron:
  • Filter blood plasma, separate wastes, return useful materials to the blood, and eliminate the wastes
  • Regulate blood volume and osmolarity
  • Regulate acid-base balance of the body fluids
  • Produce hormones such as renin, erythropoietin, and Calcitriol
  • Regulate electrolytes, especially Na+ and K+
  • Control blood pressure and ECF volume
  • Maintain pH balance by retaining or excreting H+ or HCO3-
  • Excrete nitrogenous wastes and other waste toxins

Urinary Bladder

• Muscular bag that stores urine temporarily
• Contraction of the bladder and relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter allow for urination
• Micturition reflex: when the bladder contains about 200 ml of urine, stretch receptors send impulses to the spinal cord, stimulating contraction of the bladder and relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter

Urinary Tract Terms

• Anuria: 24-hour urine output is less than 100 mL
• Cystitis: inflammation of the urinary bladder
• Diuresis: increased or excessive production of urine
• Dysuria: painful or difficult urination
• Enuresis: involuntary urination, especially by children at night
• Frequency: voiding more than 8 times during waking hours and/or at decreased intervals
• Glycosuria: presence of sugar in the urine
• Hematuria: blood in urine

Factors Influencing Urination

• Medications:
  • Diuretics prevent reabsorption of water and certain electrolytes to increase urine output
  • Urinary retention caused by antihistamines, antihypertensives, and beta blockers
  • Change color of urine, such as Pyridium turning urine to an orange or red color
• Post-Renal Conditions:
  • Obstruction due to calculi, blood clots, tumors, or stricture
  • Prostatic hypertrophy or tumor
  • Neurogenic bladder
  • Pelvic floor disorders

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