21 Questions
What can be inferred from the provided content?
The content is a series of random characters.
What is the main theme of the provided content?
None of the above
What is the purpose of the provided content?
To confuse
What can be said about the structure of the provided content?
It is lacking in structure
What is a characteristic of the provided content?
It is concise
What is the function of the nephrons in maintaining fluid balance?
Regulating selective reabsorption and secretion of water, electrolytes, and other substances
What is anuria?
A 24-hour urine output of less than 100 mL
What triggers the micturition reflex?
When the bladder contains about 200 ml of urine
What is hematuria?
Blood in the urine
What is the function of diuretics?
To prevent reabsorption of water and certain electrolytes to increase urine output
What is the term for the inflammation of the urinary bladder?
Cystitis
What is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) used to estimate?
How much blood passes through the glomeruli each minute
What is the term for the obstruction of urine flow due to prostatic hypertrophy or tumor?
Post-renal condition
What is the approximate weight of a kidney in a male?
125-170 grams
What is the primary function of the nephrons in the kidneys?
To filter blood plasma, separate wastes, and return useful materials to the blood
What percentage of the cardiac output passes through the kidneys every minute?
21% of the cardiac output
What is the function of the kidneys in regulating blood volume?
To regulate blood volume and osmolarity by controlling the amount of fluids in the body
What is the term for the balance of ions such as sodium and potassium in the body?
Electrolyte balance
What is the function of the kidneys in regulating pH balance?
To retain or excrete H+ or HCO3-
How many nephrons are present in each kidney?
1 million nephrons
What is the term for the waste products of metabolism, such as urea, creatinine, and uric acid?
Nitrogenous wastes
Study Notes
Physiology of Urinary Elimination
- Urinary elimination depends on the effective functioning of the upper urinary tract (kidneys and ureters) and the lower urinary tract (urinary bladder, urethra, and pelvic floor)
Kidneys
- Paired kidneys are situated on either side of the spinal column, behind the peritoneal cavity
- The right kidney is slightly lower than the left due to the position of the liver
- Each kidney is about 11 cm (4.3 in) in length and weighs 125-170 g in males and 115-155 g in females
- Each kidney has 1 million nephrons, the functional units of the kidney
Nephron
- Nephron consists of glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting tubule
- Functions of the nephron:
- Filter blood plasma, separate wastes, return useful materials to the blood, and eliminate the wastes
- Regulate blood volume and osmolarity
- Regulate acid-base balance of the body fluids
- Produce hormones such as renin, erythropoietin, and Calcitriol
- Regulate electrolytes, especially Na+ and K+
- Control blood pressure and ECF volume
- Maintain pH balance by retaining or excreting H+ or HCO3-
- Excrete nitrogenous wastes and other waste toxins
Urinary Bladder
- Muscular bag that stores urine temporarily
- Contraction of the bladder and relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter allow for urination
- Micturition reflex: when the bladder contains about 200 ml of urine, stretch receptors send impulses to the spinal cord, stimulating contraction of the bladder and relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter
Urinary Tract Terms
- Anuria: 24-hour urine output is less than 100 mL
- Cystitis: inflammation of the urinary bladder
- Diuresis: increased or excessive production of urine
- Dysuria: painful or difficult urination
- Enuresis: involuntary urination, especially by children at night
- Frequency: voiding more than 8 times during waking hours and/or at decreased intervals
- Glycosuria: presence of sugar in the urine
- Hematuria: blood in urine
Factors Influencing Urination
- Medications:
- Diuretics prevent reabsorption of water and certain electrolytes to increase urine output
- Urinary retention caused by antihistamines, antihypertensives, and beta blockers
- Change color of urine, such as Pyridium turning urine to an orange or red color
- Post-Renal Conditions:
- Obstruction due to calculi, blood clots, tumors, or stricture
- Prostatic hypertrophy or tumor
- Neurogenic bladder
- Pelvic floor disorders
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