Developmental Psychology Overview

Developmental psychology

Qualitative development refers to changes in the kind of thinking, feeling, and behaving, while quantitative development refers to changes in the amount of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

Nature and nurture

<p>Measures need to be based on age and the abilities of a given age</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Choosing the right research design</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Can help understand which abilities are developing at certain points in a lifespan</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allows researchers to track changes in individuals over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High confidence that observed changes are due to development</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The germinal stage is the first two weeks of prenatal development, beginning with conception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The embryonic stage spans from two to eight weeks, during which major organs and body systems develop.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The neural tube is a structure that forms early in the embryonic stage, giving rise to the brain and spinal cord.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamins</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fetal alcohol syndrome is a developmental disorder affecting children exposed to alcohol during prenatal development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reflexes are automatic, involuntary responses to specific stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bright light</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Habituation is a decrease in responsiveness to a repeated stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two general rules are cephalocaudal and proximodistal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Piaget's theory states that children actively construct their understanding of the world through four stages of cognitive development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Schemas are mental representations of concepts, experiences, and knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Assimilation is the process of using existing schemas to interpret new experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accommodation is the process of revising or creating new schemas to incorporate new information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sensorimotor stage, lasting from birth to two years, is characterized by learning through sensory experiences and motor actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The preoperational stage, lasting from two to seven years, is characterized by the emergence of symbolic thought and language but a struggle with logical reasoning and multiple perspectives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Symbolic representation is the ability to use objects, words, and gestures to stand for other things.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Egocentrism is the difficulty that preoperational children have in understanding other people's perspectives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The concrete operational stage, lasting from seven to twelve years, is characterized by the development of logical reasoning and the ability to perform mental operations on concrete objects and events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conservation is the understanding that the physical properties of an object remain constant despite changes in its appearance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The formal operational stage, beginning around age twelve, involves the development of abstract reasoning and the ability to think hypothetically and systematically.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attachment is a strong, enduring emotional bond between an infant and a caregiver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Imprinting is a form of early attachment where an organism forms a strong bond with the first moving object it sees.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Harlow's research highlighted the importance of social interaction and emotional attachment for the development of healthy social and emotional behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bowlby's theory proposed that children develop attachment to a caregiver who provides a secure base, a place where the child feels safe and protected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insecure-disorganized</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secure attachment is characterized by distress when a parent leaves but easy comfort upon return.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insecure-avoidant attachment is characterized by a lack of distress when a parent leaves, and avoidance upon return.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insecure-ambivalent attachment is characterized by distress when a parent leaves and anger and resistance upon return.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Children differ in their attachment styles due to factors like parental responsiveness and temperament.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Theory of mind is the understanding that other people have minds, that these minds represent the world differently, and that these beliefs can influence their actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vygotsky's view emphasizes the importance of social interaction and cultural influences in shaping development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Scaffolding is a process of actively challenging and supporting children in their learning by providing guidance, feedback, and support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cooperative</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Permissive parenting is characterized by being child-driven, with little rule-setting or consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Authoritative parenting is characterized by a balance of warmth and structure, with clear rules and open communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disengaged parenting is characterized by a lack of involvement and responsiveness to a child's needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Puberty is a period of physical development involving rapid growth and hormonal changes that lead to sexual maturity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social psychology explores how the social environment shapes people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social psychology focuses on how the immediate environment influences behavior, while personality psychology focuses on how stable individual characteristics influence behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Need for achievement</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attribution is the process of explaining our own and others' behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to overemphasize dispositional factors and underestimate situational factors when explaining others' behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Self-serving attributions occur when we attribute our successes to internal factors and our failures to external factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An attitude is a learned, evaluative response toward a specific object, person, or event.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An implicit attitude is an automatically activated evaluation of a stimulus, often unconsciously formed through repeated exposure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ELM proposes two routes to persuasion: the central route, involving careful processing of the message, and the peripheral route, relying on superficial cues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The central route of persuasion involves careful consideration of the message's arguments and evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The peripheral route of persuasion relies on superficial cues, such as the attractiveness or expertise of the source, to influence attitudes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social proof technique</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The foot-in-the-door technique involves making a small request that is likely to be accepted, followed by a larger request.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The door-in-the-face technique involves making a large, unreasonable request that is likely to be rejected, followed by a smaller, more reasonable request.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive dissonance is an uncomfortable psychological state that arises when our beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors are inconsistent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>People change their attitudes to justify their behavior when the behavior cannot be easily explained by situational factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social norms are unwritten rules and expectations for behavior, beliefs, and values shared within a group or society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conformity is the tendency for individuals to adjust their behavior, beliefs, and opinions to match those of others, particularly within a social group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Informational social influence occurs when we conform to others' behavior because we believe they have information we don't.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Normative social influence occurs when we conform to others' behavior to gain social approval or avoid disapproval.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social facilitation is the tendency for the presence of others to enhance the dominant response on a task.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social loafing is the tendency for individuals to exert less effort when working in a group than when working alone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Group polarization is the tendency for groups to make more extreme decisions after discussing an issue with like-minded others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Groupthink is a phenomenon in which a group's desire for harmony and consensus overrides realistic appraisal of alternative viewpoints.</p> Signup and view all the answers