Developmental Psychology Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which of these are examples of normative age-graded influences?

  • Getting married in your late 20s (correct)
  • Experiencing a global pandemic
  • Being diagnosed with cancer at age 30
  • Developing grey hair (correct)

    • Normative history-graded influences are specific to individuals and their unique life experiences.

    False (B)

    What is the difference between chronological age and biological age?

    Chronological age refers to your age in years, while biological age measures the health and functioning of your physical systems.

    The ability to adapt to life's challenges is referred to as ______ age.

    <p>psychological</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following age definitions with their descriptions:

    <p>Chronological age = Age as measured in years Biological age = The aging of physical systems Social age = Roles and responsibilities in society Psychological age = Ability to adapt to life's challenges Functional age = Overall functioning, combining all other ages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of developmental psychology?

    <p>The study of how individuals change throughout their lifespan (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Developmental psychology solely focuses on childhood development, ignoring adult changes.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two examples of commonalities in adult life, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Examples include: marriage, parenthood, career changes, retirement, dealing with aging parents, experiencing loss of loved ones, health challenges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concept of ______ refers to the consistent aspects of ourselves that remain relatively stable over time.

    <p>stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a benefit of studying adult development?

    <p>Preventing all age-related health conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their corresponding descriptions:

    <p>Stability = Changes in an individual's physical appearance E = x C = h</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adult development is marked solely by stages, with abrupt, clear-cut transitions between them.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Give one example of an internal change that might occur in adulthood.

    <p>Examples include: increased wisdom, personal growth, increased confidence, changes in values, emotional maturity, or heightened self-awareness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lifespan approach emphasizes that development is unidirectional, meaning we develop at a consistent pace throughout our lives.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems refers to the immediate influences in a person's life, such as their family, friends, and school?

    <p>Microsystem (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ refers to the time factor in Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems model, encompassing historical changes and opportunities that affect development.

    <p>Chronosystem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a country's fertility rate and its fertility replacement level?

    <p>The fertility rate is the actual average number of children born per woman in a given population. The fertility replacement level is the number of children per woman needed to maintain a stable population size, typically around 2.1.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their corresponding descriptions from the provided content:

    <p>Lifespan Approach = Development occurs at a consistent pace throughout life. Plasticity = The ability to make changes in our development throughout life. Historical Embeddedness = Cultural expectations, societal opportunities, and historical events influence development. Contextualism = Our behavior is shaped by the systems we live in. Microsystem = Direct influences like family, friends, and school. Ecosystem = Indirect influences like government policies that affect job opportunities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Canada's fertility rate is currently above the fertility replacement level, indicating a growing population.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two major factors contributing to the increasing number of older adults in Canada?

    <p>Two major factors are advancements in healthcare, leading to increased life expectancy, and a declining birth rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Baby Boomer generation?

    <p>They are a smaller generation compared to previous generations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of baby boomers?

    <p>Higher rates of marriage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Baby boomers are the first generation to challenge existing values and social norms.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common stereotype about older adults that contributes to ageism?

    <p>Older adults are often stereotyped as being frail, slow, or incompetent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concept of ___ suggests that we distance ourselves from aging to manage the fear of our own mortality.

    <p>Terror management theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following communication types with their descriptions:

    <p>Under accommodation = Failing to consider age-related changes in communication Over accommodation = Communicating with older adults in a childlike or patronizing way Elderspeak = Simplified speech with exaggerated intonation used with older adults Negative self-stereotyping = When older people internalize negative stereotypes about their own age group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is an intervention to decrease ageism?

    <p>Educating people about ageism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Baby boomers are more likely to have higher rates of children compared to previous generations.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one example of how age-related changes can affect communication?

    <p>Older adults may have difficulty understanding fast-paced speech or hearing in noisy environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cross-sectional designs are a cost-effective method for studying age effects.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of longitudinal designs?

    <p>Cohort effects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tendency for participants in a longitudinal study to become healthier and more invested in the research is known as ______.

    <p>selective attrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the advantages of using interviews as a data collection method in developmental research?

    <p>Interviews allow researchers to gather rich, detailed information from participants. They can observe nonverbal cues, ask follow-up questions, and clarify responses. This can provide a deeper understanding of participants' experiences and perspectives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following developmental research designs with their primary characteristics:

    <p>Cross-sectional = Data collected from different age groups at a single point in time Longitudinal = Data collected from the same individuals over an extended period Sequential = Combines features of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs, with multiple cohorts followed over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a significant limitation of cross-sectional designs?

    <p>They can be biased by cohort effects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sequential designs can help researchers disentangle age, cohort, and time of measurement effects.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the concept of 'time of measurement effects' in developmental research. Provide an example.

    <p>Time of measurement effects refer to changes in research findings that are influenced by events or circumstances that occurred at the time of data collection. For example, a study on the impact of technology on social interactions conducted during a global pandemic might yield different results compared to the same study conducted in non-pandemic periods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of self-report methods in research?

    <p>Self-report methods are not suitable for collecting data from vulnerable populations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One advantage of naturalistic observation is that it allows researchers to observe real-life events.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one ethical consideration that researchers must address when conducting naturalistic observation?

    <p>The potential for participants' behavior to change when they are aware of being observed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When conducting research with vulnerable populations, obtaining informed consent should be a ______ process.

    <p>careful</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the research method to its primary advantage:

    <p>Self-report = Provides quick and cost-effective data collection. Naturalistic observation = Allows for observing real-life events in their natural context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Developmental Psychology

    • Developmental psychology studies behavior, thoughts, and emotions throughout the lifespan, including childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.
    • Individuals change as they progress from emerging adulthood to the end of life.

    Differences and Commonalities

    • Every individual has unique aspects of their life journey, like experiencing events such as parental divorce or living alone.
    • However, typical aspects of adult life are common across many individuals, which can relate to the future.

    Stability and Change

    • Stability represents consistent personality traits, preferences, and behaviors throughout life.
    • A 40-year-old individual may have similar characteristics to their 20-year-old self, like enjoying reading.
    • Change is the opposite of stability; it's the evolution of an individual through their life.

    Adulthood as a Topic of Study

    • Studying adult development benefits individuals by helping maintain function for longer durations and coping with life changes.
    • It allows for a social impact through improved social systems.
    • It helps dispel common myths about aging.

    Characteristics of Development

    • Stability and change: Traits may stay constant throughout life, while others evolve. Knowledge, for instance, may gradually become more complex.
    • Sources of change include: normative age-graded influences (like wrinkles and hair graying), normative history-graded influences (like events affecting a generation), and non-normative influences (like a specific event e.g., cancer diagnosis).
    • Culture and cohorts impact development due to changes like epidemics, as do other events like climate change. This is all intertwined in developmental change.
    • Time-related changes include the influence of genetics, environment, epigenetic factors, and how these interact over time.

    Definitions of Age

    • Chronological age: measured in years.
    • Biological age: relates to the aging of physical systems like lungs and bones.
    • Social age: refers to roles and responsibilities.
    • Psychological age: refers to an individual's ability to adjust to life circumstances.

    Guiding Perspectives

    • Lifespan approach: Recognizes multi-directional developmental changes, potential gains and losses with age, life's plasticity (ability to adapt), and the impacts of history.
    • Contextualism: Considers interaction between different systems e.g. microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem and chronosystem to understand development. This perspective emphasizes that an individual develops within their environment and these systems have an influence.
    • Biological model- Bronfenbrenner's model: It examines the micro, meso, exo, and macro systems of influences in interaction and how culture, politics, and historical events can impact development.

    Current Perspectives on Adulthood

    • Demographics: Fertility rate and the increasing proportions of older adults.
    • Social age: roles and responsibilities change with time.

    Myths and Stereotypes

    • Stereotypes about aging often influence how people view aging, distancing themselves and others, leading to misunderstandings and negative associations surrounding older age.

    Interventions to Decrease Ageism

    • Education and communication to promote understanding of age-related changes and dispel misconceptions.
    • Encourage interaction between generations, acknowledging and respecting developmental perspectives.

    Developmental Research

    • Developmental research encompasses different approaches and designs like:
      • Age effects (changes related to aging).
      • Cohort effects (differences relating to generation and era).
      • Time of measurement effects (influences of events occurring during the study period).
    • Design methods: Cross-sectional (different age groups studied at one time), Longitudinal (same group studied over time), and Sequential designs (combining elements of both).

    Data Collection Methods

    • Self-report: individuals provide information about themselves.
    • Interviews: gathering data through direct interaction.
    • Naturalistic observation: observing individuals in their natural environment.

    Ethics

    • Ethical considerations in developmental research involve securing consent regarding participation, especially for vulnerable populations, to ensure respect and informed decisions.

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    Description

    This quiz delves into the essential concepts of developmental psychology, exploring the changes and consistencies in behavior, thoughts, and emotions across the lifespan. It highlights the unique experiences of individuals while also addressing common trends in adult development and the significance of stability and change.

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