Developmental Psychology Lesson 1

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Questions and Answers

What are the three main aspects of developmental psychology?

Heredity, Environment, Nurture

Stability, Change, Continuity

Theory, Stage, Continuous

Social, Cognitive, Emotional (correct)

What is the role of recessive genes in heredity?

They are a combination of strong and weak genes

They have no impact on human development

They are strong genes that dominate development

They are weak genes that are influenced by environment (correct)

What is the main principle of development?

Development is orderly and follows a sequential pattern (correct)

Development is disorderly and random

Development is only influenced by heredity

Development is only influenced by environment

What is the main advantage of stage theory?

It describes typical development and age norms Signup and view all the answers

What is the main limitation of stage theory?

It presents quite rigid, precise statements, not taking account of individual differences Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between stage theory and continuous theory?

Stage theory is linear, while continuous theory is continuous Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of environment in development?

It interacts with heredity to influence development Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of early foundations in development?

They are crucial for future learning and development Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, the core personality is determined by which age?

5 to 6 years old Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of psychosexual development is characterized by exploration of genital areas?

Phallic stage Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the Industry vs Inferiority stage of psychosocial development?

To master knowledge and intellect skills Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, what is the component of personality responsible for rational thinking?

Ego Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of psychosexual development does Oedipus complex occur?

Phallic stage Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of being treated negatively or neglected during the Trust vs Mistrust stage?

Development of mistrust Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt stage of psychosocial development?

To assert independence Signup and view all the answers

According to Erikson, what is the outcome of not adequately exploring different roles during the Identity vs Role Confusion stage?

Development of role confusion Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Developmental Psychology

Development: a series of changes that occur in an orderly and coherent manner
Factors of development:
- Heredity/Nature: external forces that influence human development, including recessive and dominant genes
- Environment/Nurture
Developmental issues:
- Stability and Change: people may grow up shy despite being confident as children
- Continuity and Discontinuity
Principles of development:
- Development is orderly and follows a sequential pattern
- Product of interaction between maturation (natural) and learning (effort)
- Individual differences exist
- Pattern of behavior: equilibrium, adapting easily to environmental demands
- Early foundations are critical, like a "clean slate"

Developmental Theories

Theory: a set of related statements to understand human behavior
Stage theory:
- Maps out development competency in certain patterns of behaviors
- Describes typical development
- Precisely defines and describes specific abilities
- Stages are completed in a specific order
- Every child will progress through the stages described Strengthes:
  - Ability to describe development according to specific age norms
  - Identifying when a child is not developing like others
  - Knowing when children are ready to learn Weaknesses:
  - Rigid, precise statements that don't account for individual differences
  - Conceptualizes development as linear
Continuous Theory:
- A continuous, lifelong experience
- Explains individual differences and how they affect a person
- Affected by many elements, predictable and versatile
- Affected by non-normative influences

Psychoanalytic Perspective Theory by Sigmund Freud

Assumptions:
- Problems are a result of early childhood experiences
- Relying on methods like hypnosis and free association
- Indications of unconscious motives
3 Components of Personality:
- ID: desires
- Ego: rational
- Superego: moral standards
Stages:
- Oral Stage (birth to 1 year): mouth, focus on oral desires
- Anal Stage (1 to 3 years): anus, focus on control and organization
- Phallic Stage (3 to 6 years): genitals, focus on sexual development
- Latent Stage (6 to 12 years): no focus on sexual urges, rechanneled to schoolwork
- Genital Stage (12 years onward): reawakens sexual urge, learning to express in acceptable ways

Psychosocial Stages of Development by Erik Erikson

Assumptions:
- Heavily influenced by Freud
- Birth to death, linear and unidirectional
- Life comprised of crisis
Stages:
- Trust vs Mistrust (infancy to 1-2 years): warmth and caregiving vs mistrust
- Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (2-4 years): assert independence vs shame and doubt
- Initiative vs Guilt (4-5 years): learning to assert oneself vs guilt
- Industry vs Inferiority (6-11 years): mastering knowledge and skills vs inferiority
- Identity vs Role Confusion (12-18 years): finding oneself vs role confusion

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Description

This quiz covers the basics of developmental psychology, including social, cognitive, and emotional development, as well as factors that influence development such as heredity and environment.