COPY: Developmental Psychology: Conception to Lifespan
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of Stage 3 of moral development?

  • Mutual interpersonal expectations and relationships (correct)
  • Adopting social contract or utility and individual rights
  • Adopting universal ethical principles
  • Judging right and wrong based on personal standards

    • According to the theory of moral development, what is the primary difference between conventional morality and postconventional morality?

  • Conventional morality is based on justice, while postconventional morality is based on laws
  • Conventional morality is based on social standards, while postconventional morality is based on personal standards (correct)
  • Conventional morality is based on personal standards, while postconventional morality is based on social standards
  • Conventional morality is based on laws, while postconventional morality is based on justice

    • What is the primary concern of Social Systems Morality?

  • Maintaining social order, law, and justice (correct)
  • Evaluating laws based on their utility
  • Understanding universal human rights
  • Adopting moral standards of parents

    • What is the term for the process by which people examine and evaluate their lives during late adulthood?

    <p>Life review</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of single-parent households on children?

    <p>Difficulty in establishing close relationships later in life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the theory that suggests successful aging is characterized by maintaining the interests and activities of earlier stages of life?

    <p>Activity theory of aging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the formal operational stage?

    <p>Abstract, idealistic, and logical thought</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concept of Vygotsky's view of cognitive development?

    <p>Cognitive development occurs through social interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'zone of proximal development' (ZPD) in Vygotsky's theory?

    <p>The gap between what children can do alone and what they can do with guidance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of adolescent egocentrism?

    <p>The state of self-absorption in which a teenager views the world from their own point of view</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence?

    <p>Fluid intelligence is based on information processing, while crystallized intelligence is based on experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concept of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?

    <p>The development of individual's interactions and understanding of themselves and others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concept of attachment in social development?

    <p>A positive emotional bond between a child and a caregiver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concept of imprinting in attachment theory?

    <p>A behavior that takes place during a critical period and involves attachment to the first moving object observed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Kohlberg's preconventional morality stage?

    <p>Judging right and wrong based on the probability of rewards and punishments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of securely attached children in the Ainsworth strange situation?

    <p>They show a strong attachment to their caregiver and are distressed when separated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of the pattern of change from conception to the end of life?

    <p>Developmental psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the period called when the developing individual has a heart, a brain, and other organs?

    <p>Embryonic period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the point at which a fetus can survive if born prematurely?

    <p>Age of viability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for unlearned, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli?

    <p>Reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the period between childhood and adulthood?

    <p>Adolescence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the period at which maturation of the sexual organs occurs?

    <p>Puberty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which a child's understanding of the world changes as a function of age and experience?

    <p>Cognitive development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the stage from birth to 2 years, during which a child constructs their understanding of the world through coordinating sensory experiences and motor movements?

    <p>Sensorimotor stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability to understand that objects continue to exist even if they are out of sight?

    <p>Object permanence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the stage from 7 to 12 years of age that is characterized by concrete and logical thought?

    <p>Concrete operational stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the tendency to like those who are similar to us?

    <p>Similarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the component of love that involves feelings of closeness and connectedness?

    <p>Intimacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for intentional injury of, or harm to, another person?

    <p>Aggression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a set of generalized beliefs and expectations about a specific group and its members?

    <p>Stereotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of love that involves intense physiological arousal, psychological interest, and caring for the needs of another?

    <p>Romantic love</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences children's feelings about members of various groups?

    <p>Observational learning and behavior of parents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the factor that attracts people to each other based on their physical appearance?

    <p>Physical attractiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of love that involves strong affection for those with whom our lives are deeply involved?

    <p>Companionate love</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the theory that suggests people tend to be ethnocentric?

    <p>Social identity theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a measure of prejudice that permits a more accurate assessment of people's discrimination?

    <p>Implicit Association Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a way to reduce the consequences of prejudice and discrimination?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a result of having an implicit bias?

    <p>Unconscious prejudice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between situational causes of behavior and dispositional causes of behavior?

    <p>Situational causes are external to a person, while dispositional causes are brought about by a person's traits or personality characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental attribution error?

    <p>The tendency to overattribute others' behavior to dispositional causes and minimize the importance of situational causes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is social influence?

    <p>The process by which an individual's behavior is influenced by social groups or individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is conformity?

    <p>A change in behavior or attitudes brought about by a desire to follow the beliefs or standards of other people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the halo effect?

    <p>The phenomenon in which an initial understanding that a person has positive traits is used to infer other uniformly positive characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is self-serving bias?

    <p>The tendency to attribute success to personal factors and failure to factors outside oneself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of discharging built-up aggressive energy according to Freudian theory?

    <p>Catharsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Daly and Watson (1988, 1996, 2005), who are less likely to abuse or murder their offspring?

    <p>Birth parents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the researcher who found that castrated roosters without transplanted testicles displayed less aggression?

    <p>Berthold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the tendency for the presence of weapons to increase aggression?

    <p>Weapon's effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the reaction to the blocking of goals, which can lead to aggression?

    <p>Frustration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the evolutionary approach, who are more likely to harm children?

    <p>Stepparents or foster parents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for helping behavior?

    <p>Prosocial behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenomenon where the presence of others inhibits helping behavior?

    <p>Bystander effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the belief that responsibility for intervening is shared among those present?

    <p>Diffusion of responsibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for helping behavior that requires self-sacrifice?

    <p>Altruism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the erroneous inference that others accept a norm, causing the person to go along with it?

    <p>Pluralistic ignorance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach suggests that social and environmental conditions can teach individuals to be aggressive?

    <p>Observational learning approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of social psychology?

    <p>The scientific study of how people’s thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which people form an overall impression of another person?

    <p>Impression formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are sets of cognitions about people and social experiences that help organize information stored in memory?

    <p>Social schemas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the major traits considered in forming impressions of others?

    <p>Central traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which people understand and make sense of others and themselves?

    <p>Social cognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do social schemas help predict based on relatively little information?

    <p>What others are like</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the kind of influence that affects behavior through social roles?

    <p>Conformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the study by Philip Zimbardo and colleagues show about social roles?

    <p>Social roles can have a powerful effect on behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of Milgram's classic obedience study?

    <p>65% of participants eventually used the highest setting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the kind of influence that is a change in behavior in response to the commands of others?

    <p>Obedience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the role of the 'learner' in Milgram's classic obedience study?

    <p>To receive electric shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the kind of influence that is a change in behavior in response to group pressure?

    <p>Conformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the tendency to like those who are near us?

    <p>Proximity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the component of love that involves motivational drives relating to sex, physical closeness, and romance?

    <p>Passion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for intentional injury of, or harm to, another person?

    <p>Aggression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the tendency to like those who like us?

    <p>Reciprocity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of love that involves strong affection for those with whom our lives are deeply involved?

    <p>Companionate love</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a set of generalized beliefs and expectations about a specific group and its members?

    <p>Stereotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences children's feelings about members of various groups?

    <p>Observational learning approaches and the behavior of parents and peers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the tendency to like those who are similar to us?

    <p>Similarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the behavior directed toward individuals on the basis of their membership in a particular group?

    <p>Discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for negative (or positive) evaluation of a group and its members?

    <p>Prejudice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way to reduce the consequences of prejudice and discrimination?

    <p>Increase contact between the target of stereotyping and the holder of the stereotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is social identity theory suggesting about people?

    <p>People tend to be ethnocentric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the catharsis approach?

    <p>To release built-up aggressive energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Daly and Watson, who are less likely to abuse or murder their offspring?

    <p>Biological parents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the tendency for the presence of weapons to increase aggression?

    <p>Weapon's effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary finding of Berthold's study on castrated roosters?

    <p>Castrated roosters without transplanted testicles displayed less aggression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the frustration-aggression approach?

    <p>It explains aggression in terms of reactions to frustration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the blocked goal that leads to aggression?

    <p>Frustration</p> Signup and view all the answers

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