Developmental Psychology Chapter 2 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the total number of chromosomes found in every cell, except for sex cells?

23 pairs

69 total

46 pairs

46 total (correct)

What is the process called that results in the division of sex cells?

Mitosis

Meiosis (correct)

Cloning

Binary Fission

Which chromosome pair determines a child's sex?

First pair

22nd pair

23rd pair (correct)

Any pair

What are mutations described as in the context of genetic material?

Permanent alterations Signup and view all the answers

What determines which allele is expressed in the case of dominant inheritance?

Only the dominant allele is expressed Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial result of conception?

A zygote Signup and view all the answers

Which type of twins results from a single fertilized egg splitting?

Identical twins Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of DNA in genetics?

To create proteins that direct cell functions Signup and view all the answers

Which bases are found in the DNA genetic code?

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes dizygotic twins from monozygotic twins?

They come from two separate eggs fertilized by different sperm Signup and view all the answers

What are chromosomes primarily composed of?

DNA and histone proteins Signup and view all the answers

How do environmental factors influence heredity?

They only affect gene activation without changing genetic code Signup and view all the answers

What does the genetic transmission of heritable characteristics involve?

Genetic code and DNA Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the phenomenon where individuals actively select environments that align with their genetic predispositions?

Active correlation Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of intelligence heritability is suggested in the content?

40% Signup and view all the answers

What might explain the differing experiences among siblings in the same family?

Non-shared environment Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with a heritability range of 60-80%?

Schizophrenia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics is largely inborn and remains relatively consistent over time?

Temperament Signup and view all the answers

How much of obesity is estimated to be influenced by genetic factors?

40% to 70% Signup and view all the answers

What factor is suggested to significantly impact the development of innate abilities?

Enriched environments Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the experiences siblings endure even if they grow up in the same family setting?

Non-shared environment Signup and view all the answers

What is expressed in a phenotype?

Observable characteristics determined by genotype Signup and view all the answers

What must occur for a recessive trait to be expressed in a child?

The child must be homozygous for the recessive alleles Signup and view all the answers

What are epigenetic changes primarily responsible for?

Changing the cell's identity without changing its DNA Signup and view all the answers

Why are defects transmitted by recessive inheritance generally more lethal earlier in life?

Affected children often die before reaching reproductive age Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes multifactorial transmission?

It illustrates the interaction between nature and nurture Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable difference between the X and Y chromosomes?

X chromosome is larger and carries more genes than Y Signup and view all the answers

How can environmental influences affect genetic expression?

They modify the expression of genotypes through epigenesis Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario would most likely express a recessive trait?

A child inherits two identical recessive alleles Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of strenuous working conditions during pregnancy?

Greater risk of premature birth Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances should pregnant women avoid unless essential for health?

Opioids Signup and view all the answers

How can maternal anxiety and depression affect newborns?

They are linked to behavioral disorders in early childhood Signup and view all the answers

What risk increases with maternal age during pregnancy?

Risk of chromosomal abnormalities such as Down Syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is not considered an outside environmental hazard during pregnancy?

High caloric intake Signup and view all the answers

Which procedure involves withdrawing a sample of amniotic fluid?

Amniocentesis Signup and view all the answers

What factor increases the risk of premature birth according to maternal health issues?

Depression in pregnant women Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a known maternal illness that can impact pregnancy outcomes?

Hypertension Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Developmental Psychology Overview

Development begins at conception, marked by the fertilization of sperm and ovum to form a zygote.

Types of Twins

Monozygotic Twins: Result from cleavage of one fertilized egg; genetically identical but may differ due to environmental interactions.
Dizygotic Twins: Fraternal twins; arise from two separately fertilized eggs by different sperm, genetic similarity can vary.

Mechanisms of Heredity

Genetic transmission involves passing heritable traits from parents to offspring through DNA, which contains genes organized in chromosomes.
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, totaling 46, in each body cell (except sex cells).

Genetic Processes

Meiosis: Cell division of sex cells leading to genetic variability.
Mitosis: Division of non-sex cells, maintaining genetic consistency.

Mutations

Permanent alterations in genetic material resulting from errors during chromosome replication; can have positive, negative, or neutral effects.

Determining Sex

The father's sperm determines a child's sex; containing either an X (female) or Y (male) chromosome.

Genetic Inheritance Patterns

Alleles: Variants of genes that provide different expressions of a trait; inherited one from each parent.
Dominant Inheritance: Dominant alleles are expressed over recessive ones.
Recessive Inheritance: Only expressed when two recessive alleles are present.

Phenotypes and Genotypes

Phenotype: Observable traits determined by genotype (genetic makeup) and environmental factors.
Genotype: Consists of both expressed and hidden alleles; potential traits can remain undetected for generations.

Multifactorial Transmission and Epigenesis

Environmental influences modify how genotypes are expressed, illustrating interactions between nature and nurture.
Epigenetic changes can switch genes on or off, influenced by environmental factors, crucial during critical growth periods.

Genetic and Chromosomal Abnormalities

Dominant Defects: Less lethal in early life; affected children likely survive to reproduce.
Recessive Defects: Manifest only if child inherits two recessive alleles.

Active Correlation

Children actively select environments that align with their genetic tendencies, such as pursuing music if inclined.

Non-Shared Environment

Siblings may experience different family environments leading to significant differences in intellect and personality, influenced by genetic diversity and varying stimuli.

Genetic Influence on Characteristics

Obesity: 40% to 70% heritable; influenced by environmental factors.
Temperament: Largely innate and stable over time.
Intelligence: Approximately 40% heritable; signficant influence from experience and environment.
Schizophrenia: Heritability ranges from 60-80%, but environmental factors also play a role.

Environmental Influences: Maternal Factors

Drug Intake: Caution advised when a pregnant or breastfeeding woman consumes medication; potential risks from opioids, alcohol, nicotine, etc.
Maternal Illness: Conditions like AIDS, rubella, and diabetes can harm fetal development.
Maternal Anxiety and Depression: Linked to negative outcomes in newborn temperament and long-term behavior disorders.
Maternal Age: Risk of complications increases with age, including miscarriage and chromosomal abnormalities.
Environmental Hazards: Factors like pollution and toxins pose risks to prenatal development.

Monitoring and Promoting Prenatal Development

Noninvasive tests include prenatal blood tests and ultrasounds; invasive procedures include amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling for direct fetal assessment.

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Description

Test your understanding of key concepts in Developmental Psychology Chapter 2, which covers the theory and research behind forming a new life. Explore topics such as heredity mechanisms, environmental influences, and prenatal development. Prepare to answer questions that will enhance your knowledge in this fascinating field.