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Questions and Answers
What is the total number of chromosomes found in every cell, except for sex cells?
What is the total number of chromosomes found in every cell, except for sex cells?
- 23 pairs
- 69 total
- 46 pairs
- 46 total (correct)
What is the process called that results in the division of sex cells?
What is the process called that results in the division of sex cells?
- Mitosis
- Meiosis (correct)
- Cloning
- Binary Fission
Which chromosome pair determines a child's sex?
Which chromosome pair determines a child's sex?
- First pair
- 22nd pair
- 23rd pair (correct)
- Any pair
What are mutations described as in the context of genetic material?
What are mutations described as in the context of genetic material?
What determines which allele is expressed in the case of dominant inheritance?
What determines which allele is expressed in the case of dominant inheritance?
What is the initial result of conception?
What is the initial result of conception?
Which type of twins results from a single fertilized egg splitting?
Which type of twins results from a single fertilized egg splitting?
What is the primary role of DNA in genetics?
What is the primary role of DNA in genetics?
Which bases are found in the DNA genetic code?
Which bases are found in the DNA genetic code?
What distinguishes dizygotic twins from monozygotic twins?
What distinguishes dizygotic twins from monozygotic twins?
What are chromosomes primarily composed of?
What are chromosomes primarily composed of?
How do environmental factors influence heredity?
How do environmental factors influence heredity?
What does the genetic transmission of heritable characteristics involve?
What does the genetic transmission of heritable characteristics involve?
What term describes the phenomenon where individuals actively select environments that align with their genetic predispositions?
What term describes the phenomenon where individuals actively select environments that align with their genetic predispositions?
What percentage of intelligence heritability is suggested in the content?
What percentage of intelligence heritability is suggested in the content?
What might explain the differing experiences among siblings in the same family?
What might explain the differing experiences among siblings in the same family?
Which condition is associated with a heritability range of 60-80%?
Which condition is associated with a heritability range of 60-80%?
Which of the following characteristics is largely inborn and remains relatively consistent over time?
Which of the following characteristics is largely inborn and remains relatively consistent over time?
How much of obesity is estimated to be influenced by genetic factors?
How much of obesity is estimated to be influenced by genetic factors?
What factor is suggested to significantly impact the development of innate abilities?
What factor is suggested to significantly impact the development of innate abilities?
What term describes the experiences siblings endure even if they grow up in the same family setting?
What term describes the experiences siblings endure even if they grow up in the same family setting?
What is expressed in a phenotype?
What is expressed in a phenotype?
What must occur for a recessive trait to be expressed in a child?
What must occur for a recessive trait to be expressed in a child?
What are epigenetic changes primarily responsible for?
What are epigenetic changes primarily responsible for?
Why are defects transmitted by recessive inheritance generally more lethal earlier in life?
Why are defects transmitted by recessive inheritance generally more lethal earlier in life?
Which statement accurately describes multifactorial transmission?
Which statement accurately describes multifactorial transmission?
What is a notable difference between the X and Y chromosomes?
What is a notable difference between the X and Y chromosomes?
How can environmental influences affect genetic expression?
How can environmental influences affect genetic expression?
Which scenario would most likely express a recessive trait?
Which scenario would most likely express a recessive trait?
What is a potential outcome of strenuous working conditions during pregnancy?
What is a potential outcome of strenuous working conditions during pregnancy?
Which of the following substances should pregnant women avoid unless essential for health?
Which of the following substances should pregnant women avoid unless essential for health?
How can maternal anxiety and depression affect newborns?
How can maternal anxiety and depression affect newborns?
What risk increases with maternal age during pregnancy?
What risk increases with maternal age during pregnancy?
What is not considered an outside environmental hazard during pregnancy?
What is not considered an outside environmental hazard during pregnancy?
Which procedure involves withdrawing a sample of amniotic fluid?
Which procedure involves withdrawing a sample of amniotic fluid?
What factor increases the risk of premature birth according to maternal health issues?
What factor increases the risk of premature birth according to maternal health issues?
Which of the following is NOT a known maternal illness that can impact pregnancy outcomes?
Which of the following is NOT a known maternal illness that can impact pregnancy outcomes?
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Study Notes
Developmental Psychology Overview
- Development begins at conception, marked by the fertilization of sperm and ovum to form a zygote.
Types of Twins
- Monozygotic Twins: Result from cleavage of one fertilized egg; genetically identical but may differ due to environmental interactions.
- Dizygotic Twins: Fraternal twins; arise from two separately fertilized eggs by different sperm, genetic similarity can vary.
Mechanisms of Heredity
- Genetic transmission involves passing heritable traits from parents to offspring through DNA, which contains genes organized in chromosomes.
- Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, totaling 46, in each body cell (except sex cells).
Genetic Processes
- Meiosis: Cell division of sex cells leading to genetic variability.
- Mitosis: Division of non-sex cells, maintaining genetic consistency.
Mutations
- Permanent alterations in genetic material resulting from errors during chromosome replication; can have positive, negative, or neutral effects.
Determining Sex
- The father's sperm determines a child's sex; containing either an X (female) or Y (male) chromosome.
Genetic Inheritance Patterns
- Alleles: Variants of genes that provide different expressions of a trait; inherited one from each parent.
- Dominant Inheritance: Dominant alleles are expressed over recessive ones.
- Recessive Inheritance: Only expressed when two recessive alleles are present.
Phenotypes and Genotypes
- Phenotype: Observable traits determined by genotype (genetic makeup) and environmental factors.
- Genotype: Consists of both expressed and hidden alleles; potential traits can remain undetected for generations.
Multifactorial Transmission and Epigenesis
- Environmental influences modify how genotypes are expressed, illustrating interactions between nature and nurture.
- Epigenetic changes can switch genes on or off, influenced by environmental factors, crucial during critical growth periods.
Genetic and Chromosomal Abnormalities
- Dominant Defects: Less lethal in early life; affected children likely survive to reproduce.
- Recessive Defects: Manifest only if child inherits two recessive alleles.
Active Correlation
- Children actively select environments that align with their genetic tendencies, such as pursuing music if inclined.
Non-Shared Environment
- Siblings may experience different family environments leading to significant differences in intellect and personality, influenced by genetic diversity and varying stimuli.
Genetic Influence on Characteristics
- Obesity: 40% to 70% heritable; influenced by environmental factors.
- Temperament: Largely innate and stable over time.
- Intelligence: Approximately 40% heritable; signficant influence from experience and environment.
- Schizophrenia: Heritability ranges from 60-80%, but environmental factors also play a role.
Environmental Influences: Maternal Factors
- Drug Intake: Caution advised when a pregnant or breastfeeding woman consumes medication; potential risks from opioids, alcohol, nicotine, etc.
- Maternal Illness: Conditions like AIDS, rubella, and diabetes can harm fetal development.
- Maternal Anxiety and Depression: Linked to negative outcomes in newborn temperament and long-term behavior disorders.
- Maternal Age: Risk of complications increases with age, including miscarriage and chromosomal abnormalities.
- Environmental Hazards: Factors like pollution and toxins pose risks to prenatal development.
Monitoring and Promoting Prenatal Development
- Noninvasive tests include prenatal blood tests and ultrasounds; invasive procedures include amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling for direct fetal assessment.
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