Developmental Psychology 301 Chapter 4
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Questions and Answers

According to Erikson, if Lincoln remains in the situation with the babysitter for a long time, what will he develop?

shame and doubt

According to Erikson, the real risk of developing _____ comes when children are constantly told and shown all the things they broke, messed up, or did wrong while trying to do things on their own.

shame and doubt

What reflects an infant's being captivated by the social world and attuned to sounds of human voices?

social orientation

Engaging in face-to-face play primarily promotes an infant's _____ development.

<p>psychosocial</p> Signup and view all the answers

Juan is probably showing marked increase in his imitative and reciprocal play when he is _____ old.

<p>between 18 and 24 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of play is Melissa's youngest daughter showing when she tries to imitate her big sister?

<p>imitation and reciprocal play</p> Signup and view all the answers

Children generally begin to work together in play around _____ old.

<p>24 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an infant's ability to crawl, walk, and eventually run?

<p>locomotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Researchers have found that infants exhibit social sophistication and insight earlier than previously believed.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept helps the infant understand that other people have intentions?

<p>joint attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

Researchers are discovering that infants are more socially sophisticated in their perceptions of others' actions as _____ motivated and goal directed.

<p>intentionally</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, infants become attached to the person or object _______.

<p>that provides oral satisfaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Harlow's experiments on monkeys reveal regarding the attachment process?

<p>Contact comfort is the crucial element regardless of the age of the monkey</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Erikson, establishing the expectation that the world will be a good place starts with physical comfort and _____ .

<p>sensitive care</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is most likely to occur in phase one of John Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment?

<p>An infant is likely to exhibit smiling or crying in response to strangers, siblings, or parents</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do infants begin to consider the feelings of others before acting, according to John Bowlby?

<p>24 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are feelings that occur when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his or her well-being?

<p>Emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

In infancy, emotions play important roles in what aspect?

<p>Communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cornell is only a few months old and uses emotions to show interest or fear. What role do his emotions play?

<p>Behavioral organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

Haleigh waves her hands and smiles to show happiness. This adaptive interaction demonstrates the role of emotions in what?

<p>Behavioral organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

Children who are blind from birth show different facial expressions compared to children who can view others' facial expressions.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Emotions are influenced by both _____ foundations and by personal experiences.

<p>biological</p> Signup and view all the answers

When toddlers hear their parents quarreling, they often react with what?

<p>Distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

When infants become stressed, they show a better biological recovery from the stressors when their caregivers do what?

<p>Engage in sensitive caregiving with them</p> Signup and view all the answers

Infants whose mothers displayed similar negative emotions had infants who what?

<p>Displayed similar negative emotions as evidenced by increases in heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the first six months, infants show which emotions?

<p>Fear, anger, and joy</p> Signup and view all the answers

_____ are emotions that appear in infants older than six months.

<p>Pride, guilt, and embarrassment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Makiko feels ashamed during a play-date; this is an example of _____ emotions.

<p>Other-conscious</p> Signup and view all the answers

Evette is capable of _____ emotions, but her little brother has not yet developed this ability.

<p>Self-conscious</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are 'other-conscious' emotions?

<p>Shame</p> Signup and view all the answers

Self-conscious emotions do not depend on brain and cognitive development.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the opinion of experts on infant socioemotional development regarding the infant's capacity to display certain emotions in the first year?

<p>The structural immaturity of the infant brain makes it unlikely that such emotions can be experienced in the first year.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the mutually regulated interactions between parents and infants?

<p>Synchronous</p> Signup and view all the answers

As parents change their emotional expressions in response to their infants, what are these mutually regulated responses described as?

<p>Reciprocal or synchronous</p> Signup and view all the answers

Babies' first forms of emotional communication, particularly with parents, are reflected in what?

<p>Crying and smiling</p> Signup and view all the answers

Newborns do not respond to the crying of other babies.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a long, initial loud cry followed by breath holding indicate in an infant?

<p>Experiencing pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the types of cries babies have?

<p>The fatigue cry</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to many developmental psychologists, soothing a crying infant will help develop what?

<p>A secure attachment to the caregiver</p> Signup and view all the answers

When one-month-old Mai is sleeping, it often looks like she is smiling. This is an example of a _____ smile.

<p>Reflexive</p> Signup and view all the answers

What external stimulus do infants typically respond to with social smiling?

<p>A face</p> Signup and view all the answers

Three-month-old Zoey smiles up at her mother. What type of smiling is this?

<p>Social smiling</p> Signup and view all the answers

Higher maternal effortful control and positive emotionality have been linked to what?

<p>An increase in infant smiling and laughter</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nakita is eight months old and cries when strangers come near her, displaying _____, one of a baby's earliest emotions.

<p>Fear</p> Signup and view all the answers

The most frequent expression of an infant's fear involves what?

<p>Stranger anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which situation will nine-month-old Lucy show the LEAST stranger anxiety?

<p>When she meets another nine-month-old baby at her home</p> Signup and view all the answers

Infants show _____ when they are in familiar settings.

<p>Less stranger anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

Katrina thought it would be best for her baby Joshua to meet a stranger where?

<p>At his home</p> Signup and view all the answers

To ease stranger anxiety for her son Thomas, Shayla suggests that he:

<p>Sit on her lap before the new doctor comes in</p> Signup and view all the answers

Separation protest is characterized by what?

<p>Crying when the caregiver leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

Separation protest occurs equally across different stages of development.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

A study of four different cultures found that separation protest peaked at about what age?

<p>13 to 15 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe 'reading' emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation?

<p>Social referencing</p> Signup and view all the answers

The development of social referencing helps infants interpret what type of situations more accurately?

<p>Ambiguous situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the second year of life, infants tend to 'check' with their mother before acting. This is an example of what?

<p>Social referencing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quimby, age 15 months, looks to her mother to see if she should be afraid of a stranger. This behavior is referred to as what?

<p>Social referencing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Skylar's daughter Riley starts crying when her mother expresses fear. This demonstrates Riley's ability to use what?

<p>Social referencing</p> Signup and view all the answers

When an infant puts her thumb in her mouth to help soothe herself, what is she exhibiting?

<p>Emotional regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to developmental psychologists, the best time to soothe infants is _____.

<p>Right before they get into an intense, agitated state</p> Signup and view all the answers

Stephen is taking his infant son to the clinic. What does he do to alleviate Todd's stress?

<p>Starts to soothe Todd's emotions by gently patting his back and singing before they enter the clinic</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a 20-month-old says, 'Go sleep, Randy. Okay,' after crying and whimpering, this is an example of what?

<p>Emotional regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Temperament can be defined as what?

<p>An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding emotionally</p> Signup and view all the answers

Temperament is directly related to all of the following EXCEPT:

<p>Cognitive intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

Noah has noticed a difference in his two daughters in self-regulation over emotional reactions. What does he observe?

<p>One can calm herself quickly, and the other has trouble regaining control over emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Wanda observes her daughter playing at a birthday party and notices a difference in what?

<p>Reactivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas, a(n) _____ child adapts easily to new experiences.

<p>Easy</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Chess and Thomas, Betty and Allen’s daughter would be classified as a(n) _____ child due to her pleasant mood.

<p>Easy child</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas, a(n) _____ child reacts negatively and is slow to accept change.

<p>Difficult</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Chess and Thomas, a(n) _____ child has a low activity level and is somewhat negative.

<p>Slow-to-warm-up</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of temperament does Josh have if he was upset on his first day of preschool?

<p>Difficult</p> Signup and view all the answers

Trystan has adjusted to the observation that his son, Tony, is a _____. He dislikes new situations.

<p>Difficult baby</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sakura's son, who dislikes new situations, would be classified as a(n) _____.

<p>Slow-to-warm-up child</p> Signup and view all the answers

Drew, who is quieter and less expressive than her peers, is observed to be a _____ child.

<p>Slow-to-warm-up baby</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Chess and Thomas's longitudinal study, what percentage of children were classified as easy?

<p>40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

In their study, what percentage of children were classified as difficult?

<p>10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Jerome Kagan's classification of temperament focuses on what?

<p>Inhibition to the unfamiliar</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inhibited children react the same way to unfamiliar adults and peers.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What dimension of temperament is considered important for an infant's ability to manage emotional arousal?

<p>Effortful control</p> Signup and view all the answers

Charlotte notices her son Devin distracting himself while being teased. Rothbart and Bates would say Devin is high in what?

<p>Effortful control</p> Signup and view all the answers

Angela's ability to delay anger and engage in self-regulation is dependent on what?

<p>Her effortful control</p> Signup and view all the answers

It is best to view temperament as one dimensional and specific.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Jerome Kagan, temperament is the result of what characteristics?

<p>Inherited physiological characteristics, but can be modified by the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not part of the unique physiological pattern predicting an inhibited temperament?

<p>High levels of the hormone testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

An inhibited temperament has been associated with all of the following EXCEPT:

<p>Low thyroxine levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

In North America, parents prefer children with what type of temperament?

<p>Easy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands they must cope with?

<p>Goodness of fit</p> Signup and view all the answers

Monsena enjoys exploring her environment, but her mother is overprotective, creating a discrepancy that concerns what?

<p>Goodness of fit</p> Signup and view all the answers

Temperament-sensitive parenting includes all of the following EXCEPT:

<p>Putting the child with better adjusted children for observational learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Hannah do for her son William, who has a difficult temperament?

<p>Takes him to the grocery store in off-hours for fewer crowd interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Erik Erikson, the first year of life is characterized by which stage of development?

<p>Trust versus mistrust</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would Erik Erikson MOST likely recommend for soothing a crying infant?

<p>Pick up and soothe the baby so that a healthy sense of trust develops</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Kyle worry will influence her daughter’s development while she is hospitalized?

<p>Her daughter's development of trust</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept are researchers studying when they place a dot of rouge on babies' noses?

<p>Sense of self</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely reaction of eight-month-old Michael when placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge?

<p>Cry or crawl away, because he does not recognize his own reflection</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavior is expected from twenty-four-month-old Tyler when placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge?

<p>Touch his own nose to wipe off the spot</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a two-year-old's ability to point to her picture and say 'Me!' indicate?

<p>Self-recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

Erik Erikson describes the second stage of personality development as the stage of what?

<p>Autonomy versus shame and doubt</p> Signup and view all the answers

What caregiver behaviors create a sense of shame and doubt in children?

<p>Overprotectiveness and criticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Erikson, Lillian is exploring what stage as she wants to do everything herself?

<p>Autonomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What negative experience shapes Lincoln's behavior in the 'terrible twos'?

<p>A babysitter who scolds him continually</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Emotions and Communication

  • Emotions arise in important interactions affecting well-being.
  • Infants utilize emotions to communicate their interests and fears.

Behavioral Organization

  • Emotions assist in behavioral organization during infancy.
  • Adaptive interactions, like smiles and gestures, strengthen social bonds through emotional exchanges.

Infant Emotion Expressions

  • Children born blind exhibit similar facial expressions as sighted children.
  • Both biological foundations and personal experiences influence emotional responses.

Toddler Reactions to Distress

  • Toddlers experience distress when exposed to parental conflict.
  • Sensitive caregiving enhances infants' stress recovery.

Maternal Influence on Infant Emotions

  • Maternal negative emotions can synchronize with infants, affecting their heart rate and emotional states.
  • Early infant emotions include fear, anger, and joy.

Development of Self-Conscious Emotions

  • Pride, guilt, and embarrassment typically emerge after six months.
  • Other-conscious emotions, like shame, arise from social comparisons.

Social Referencing

  • Infants utilize social referencing to interpret emotional cues and navigate social contexts.
  • Enhanced social referencing improves the understanding of unfamiliar situations.

Emotional Regulation

  • Emotional regulation is the ability to manage and minimize emotional responses.
  • Effective soothing techniques help infants self-regulate during distressing situations.

Temperament and Development

  • Temperament reflects an individual’s emotional response style, influenced by genetics and environment.
  • Types of temperament include easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up characteristics.

Goodness of Fit

  • Goodness of fit relates to aligning a child's temperament with environmental demands for optimal development.

Erikson’s Psychosocial Development

  • The first year of life involves the trust versus mistrust stage, emphasizing the role of responsive caregiving.
  • The autonomy versus shame and doubt stage occurs in toddlerhood, where independence is explored.

Self-Recognition and Social Interaction

  • Self-recognition develops within the second year, evidenced by children acknowledging themselves in mirrors.
  • Social orientation strengthens through face-to-face interactions and play.

Imitation and Reciprocal Play

  • Imitation and reciprocal play begin to emerge distinctly in children around 18 to 24 months, enhancing social skills.
  • The ability to locomote (crawl, walk, run) develops significantly during infancy, facilitating exploration and interaction with the environment.### Infant Social Development
  • Infants demonstrate a level of social sophistication and insight, previously underestimated by scholars.
  • Characteristics of this development include the ability to recognize intentions in others.

Joint Attention

  • Joint attention helps infants understand that other individuals have distinct intentions.

Perception of Actions

  • Infants are increasingly recognized for perceiving others' actions as intentional and goal-directed.

Attachment Theory

  • Freud posits infants form attachments to individuals or objects that provide oral satisfaction.
  • Attachment processes revealed by Harlow's monkey experiments emphasize the importance of contact comfort, regardless of the age of the monkeys used in the study.

Sensitive Care and Development

  • Erikson suggests that sensitive care is pivotal for establishing a child's expectation that the world is good and pleasant.

Attachment Phases

  • In the initial phase of Bowlby’s attachment theory, infants are likely to smile or cry in response to both familiar and unfamiliar people, signaling early attachment behaviors.

Consideration of Feelings

  • Bowlby theorizes that by 24 months, children begin considering the emotions of others in their interactions and actions.

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Test your knowledge on the key concepts of emotions and communication as discussed in Developmental Psychology 301 Chapter 4. This quiz focuses on the role of emotions in well-being and communication during infancy. Use these flashcards to enhance your understanding of these crucial topics.

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