Developmental Psychology 301 Chapter 4

According to Erikson, if Lincoln remains in the situation with the babysitter for a long time, what will he develop?

According to Erikson, the real risk of developing _____ comes when children are constantly told and shown all the things they broke, messed up, or did wrong while trying to do things on their own.

What reflects an infant's being captivated by the social world and attuned to sounds of human voices?

Engaging in face-to-face play primarily promotes an infant's _____ development.

Juan is probably showing marked increase in his imitative and reciprocal play when he is _____ old.

What type of play is Melissa's youngest daughter showing when she tries to imitate her big sister?

Children generally begin to work together in play around _____ old.

What is the term for an infant's ability to crawl, walk, and eventually run?

Researchers have found that infants exhibit social sophistication and insight earlier than previously believed.

Which concept helps the infant understand that other people have intentions?

Researchers are discovering that infants are more socially sophisticated in their perceptions of others' actions as _____ motivated and goal directed.

According to Freud, infants become attached to the person or object _______.

What did Harlow's experiments on monkeys reveal regarding the attachment process?

According to Erikson, establishing the expectation that the world will be a good place starts with physical comfort and _____ .

What is most likely to occur in phase one of John Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment?

At what age do infants begin to consider the feelings of others before acting, according to John Bowlby?

What are feelings that occur when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his or her well-being?

In infancy, emotions play important roles in what aspect?

Cornell is only a few months old and uses emotions to show interest or fear. What role do his emotions play?

Haleigh waves her hands and smiles to show happiness. This adaptive interaction demonstrates the role of emotions in what?

Children who are blind from birth show different facial expressions compared to children who can view others' facial expressions.

Emotions are influenced by both _____ foundations and by personal experiences.

When toddlers hear their parents quarreling, they often react with what?

When infants become stressed, they show a better biological recovery from the stressors when their caregivers do what?

Infants whose mothers displayed similar negative emotions had infants who what?

In the first six months, infants show which emotions?

_____ are emotions that appear in infants older than six months.

Makiko feels ashamed during a play-date; this is an example of _____ emotions.

Evette is capable of _____ emotions, but her little brother has not yet developed this ability.

Which of the following are 'other-conscious' emotions?

Self-conscious emotions do not depend on brain and cognitive development.

What is the opinion of experts on infant socioemotional development regarding the infant's capacity to display certain emotions in the first year?

What term is used to describe the mutually regulated interactions between parents and infants?

As parents change their emotional expressions in response to their infants, what are these mutually regulated responses described as?

Babies' first forms of emotional communication, particularly with parents, are reflected in what?

Newborns do not respond to the crying of other babies.

What does a long, initial loud cry followed by breath holding indicate in an infant?

Which of the following is NOT one of the types of cries babies have?

According to many developmental psychologists, soothing a crying infant will help develop what?

When one-month-old Mai is sleeping, it often looks like she is smiling. This is an example of a _____ smile.

What external stimulus do infants typically respond to with social smiling?

Three-month-old Zoey smiles up at her mother. What type of smiling is this?

Higher maternal effortful control and positive emotionality have been linked to what?

Nakita is eight months old and cries when strangers come near her, displaying _____, one of a baby's earliest emotions.

The most frequent expression of an infant's fear involves what?

In which situation will nine-month-old Lucy show the LEAST stranger anxiety?

Infants show _____ when they are in familiar settings.

Katrina thought it would be best for her baby Joshua to meet a stranger where?

To ease stranger anxiety for her son Thomas, Shayla suggests that he:

Separation protest is characterized by what?

Separation protest occurs equally across different stages of development.

A study of four different cultures found that separation protest peaked at about what age?

What is the term used to describe 'reading' emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation?

The development of social referencing helps infants interpret what type of situations more accurately?

In the second year of life, infants tend to 'check' with their mother before acting. This is an example of what?

Quimby, age 15 months, looks to her mother to see if she should be afraid of a stranger. This behavior is referred to as what?

Skylar's daughter Riley starts crying when her mother expresses fear. This demonstrates Riley's ability to use what?

When an infant puts her thumb in her mouth to help soothe herself, what is she exhibiting?

According to developmental psychologists, the best time to soothe infants is _____.

Stephen is taking his infant son to the clinic. What does he do to alleviate Todd's stress?

When a 20-month-old says, 'Go sleep, Randy. Okay,' after crying and whimpering, this is an example of what?

Temperament can be defined as what?

Temperament is directly related to all of the following EXCEPT:

Noah has noticed a difference in his two daughters in self-regulation over emotional reactions. What does he observe?

Wanda observes her daughter playing at a birthday party and notices a difference in what?

According to psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas, a(n) _____ child adapts easily to new experiences.

According to Chess and Thomas, Betty and Allen’s daughter would be classified as a(n) _____ child due to her pleasant mood.

According to psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas, a(n) _____ child reacts negatively and is slow to accept change.

According to Chess and Thomas, a(n) _____ child has a low activity level and is somewhat negative.

What type of temperament does Josh have if he was upset on his first day of preschool?

Trystan has adjusted to the observation that his son, Tony, is a _____. He dislikes new situations.

Sakura's son, who dislikes new situations, would be classified as a(n) _____.

Drew, who is quieter and less expressive than her peers, is observed to be a _____ child.

In Chess and Thomas's longitudinal study, what percentage of children were classified as easy?

In their study, what percentage of children were classified as difficult?

Jerome Kagan's classification of temperament focuses on what?

Inhibited children react the same way to unfamiliar adults and peers.

What dimension of temperament is considered important for an infant's ability to manage emotional arousal?

Charlotte notices her son Devin distracting himself while being teased. Rothbart and Bates would say Devin is high in what?

Angela's ability to delay anger and engage in self-regulation is dependent on what?

It is best to view temperament as one dimensional and specific.

According to Jerome Kagan, temperament is the result of what characteristics?

Which of the following is not part of the unique physiological pattern predicting an inhibited temperament?

An inhibited temperament has been associated with all of the following EXCEPT:

In North America, parents prefer children with what type of temperament?

What term refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands they must cope with?

Monsena enjoys exploring her environment, but her mother is overprotective, creating a discrepancy that concerns what?

Temperament-sensitive parenting includes all of the following EXCEPT:

What does Hannah do for her son William, who has a difficult temperament?

According to Erik Erikson, the first year of life is characterized by which stage of development?

What would Erik Erikson MOST likely recommend for soothing a crying infant?

What does Kyle worry will influence her daughter’s development while she is hospitalized?

What concept are researchers studying when they place a dot of rouge on babies' noses?

What is the likely reaction of eight-month-old Michael when placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge?

What behavior is expected from twenty-four-month-old Tyler when placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge?

What does a two-year-old's ability to point to her picture and say 'Me!' indicate?

Erik Erikson describes the second stage of personality development as the stage of what?

What caregiver behaviors create a sense of shame and doubt in children?

According to Erikson, Lillian is exploring what stage as she wants to do everything herself?

What negative experience shapes Lincoln's behavior in the 'terrible twos'?