Developmental Genetics and Brain Segmentation

<p>To sharpen the boundaries between rhombomeres. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Otx2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To create a concentration gradient of Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) that influences ventral patterning. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It regulates the expression of Hox genes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It describes the organization of sensory and motor neurons in the spinal cord. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They regulate the expression of segment polarity genes, which define the boundaries between segments. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It ensures that Hox genes are expressed in the correct order during embryonic development. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It guides the development of the midbrain and forebrain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It promotes the differentiation of motor neurons in the ventral neural tube. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It induces the development of more caudal structures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shh (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They control the size and organization of cortical regions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They determine the fate of each rhombomere, resulting in distinct segmental identities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They contain a homeobox domain, a DNA-binding motif. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A body part may be transformed into a different body part, like a leg replacing an antenna. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Induces the formation of neural tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>BMP4 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activates the expression of mesodermal genes, including neural inducers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>BMP4 inhibits neural differentiation in ectoderm cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Provides structural support and signaling for neural development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Moderate BMP4 inhibition leads to the formation of the peripheral nervous system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brainbow labeling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can differentiate into any cell type in the body. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To study the function of specific genes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulating the expression of Hox genes in adults. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epigenesis proposes gradual development, while preformationism suggests a preformed organism within the embryo. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They regulate gene expression, influencing a cell's developmental pathway and fate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Its simple structure and well-mapped neural connections make it ideal for research. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The formation of the three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transgenics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulating ventral patterning of the nervous system. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They induce the differentiation of sensory and motor neurons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neural tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They inhibit TGFβ receptor signaling. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Releases BMP4 to promote ectodermal development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They receive fewer BMP4 antagonists. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To differentiate adult cells into a specific type of tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By using a combination of fluorescent proteins to label neurons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C. elegans has a defined cell lineage, while other species rely on inductive interactions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To induce formation of the neural tube and neural crest (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It activates the expression of genes that inhibit BMP4 signaling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It establishes the anterior-posterior axis in Drosophila (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hunchback is expressed in stripes, while maternal polarity genes are expressed in a continuous gradient. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To establish a segmented pattern along the anterior-posterior axis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the suppression of proneural gene expression in neighboring cells through Notch-Delta signaling. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Evolutionary changes primarily occur later in development, so early embryonic stages are similar in closely related species. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They act as transcription factors that organize anterior-posterior gradients in the embryo. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It shows that the location of bicoid mRNA determines the formation of head structures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Initial elements that set anterior-posterior orientation in the blastula.

Genes that regulate body segmentation and identity along the A-P axis.

Essential gene for forebrain and midbrain development; knockout causes head formation failure.

Gene concentrated at the anterior cortex; knockout leads to cortex expansion.

Eight segments of the hindbrain defined by homeobox genes.

Involves membrane proteins binding to RTK receptors to maintain rhombomere boundaries.

Vitamin A-derived hormone that regulates Hox gene expression and is a teratogen.

Describes the organization of sensory (dorsal) and motor (ventral) neurons in the spinal cord.

Regulate segment polarity genes for cell signaling during embryo development.

Genes that create cellular signaling systems marking embryo segments.

The alignment of gene sequence on chromosome with expression location.

Genes that contain a homeobox, regulating development including segmentation.

Factor that directs dorsal structures in the embryo's anterior-posterior axis.

Factor secreted from the notochord influencing ventral neural tube development.

Proteins that help define boundaries between rhombomeres.

Affects development of body structures and is a teratogen.

Expressed specifically in posterior midbrain, directing local organization.

The outermost layer of cells in the embryo that develops into skin and nervous system.

The process by which ectodermal cells differentiate into neural tissue.

The site in embryos that organizes neural tissue formation.

A protein that inhibits neural differentiation in ectodermal cells.

A protein that activates genes allowing neural tissue development.

Proteins like Noggin, Chordin, and Follistatin that promote neural tissue formation.

A rod-like structure in embryos that contributes to backbone formation.

Pluripotent cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastula.

Mice genetically modified to lack a specific gene for research purposes.

Methods to introduce foreign genes into an organism's genome.

A phase where the embryo organizes into three germ layers.

The process by which cells become specialized in function and structure.

Adult cells reprogrammed to an embryonic stem cell-like state.

Proteins that help regulate gene expression during development.

Mesoderm cells that release proteins to promote neural differentiation.

A protein released from dorsal lip that antagonizes BMP signaling.

A TGFβ receptor antagonist released by dorsal lip cells.

Another antagonist of the TGFβ receptor aiding neural development.

The structure formed by ectoderm cells that develop into the CNS.

Ectoderm that develops into the PNS, receiving fewer BMP antagonists.

Genes injected into embryonic cells that express in various body parts.

Organisms created from cells from different zygotes.

Adult cells that can revert to a stem cell state by transcription factors.

Transcription factors that influence early development from maternal sources.

Cells in the dorsal lip that release signals to block BMP and induce neural fates.

A system where cells suppress neighboring nerve potential by signaling.

Transcription factors regulated by maternal polarity genes that define segments along the embryo's axis.