Developmental and Cognitive Psychology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

At what age do infants typically pass classic Theory of Mind (ToM) tasks?

  • 3.5-4 years (correct)
  • 1 year
  • 5-6 years
  • 6 months

    • What is encapsulation in the context of expertise?

  • Increased competence in solving complex problems
  • Refinement of existing knowledge dedicated to specific knowledge systems (correct)
  • Decline in general intelligence with age
  • Automatic and intuitive application of expert knowledge

    • What type of thinking allows logical operations with concrete objects and events, considering only two dimensions of a problem?

  • Concrete operational thought (correct)
  • Formal operational thought
  • Inductive reasoning
  • Deductive reasoning

    • Which cognitive domain tends to increase with age in adulthood?

    <p>Wisdom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of thought includes abstract objects and events, future-oriented thinking, and reasoning about more than two dimensions?

    <p>Formal operational thought</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of wisdom according to the text?

    <p>Skilled in social decision making and emotional regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference in the use of wise-reasoning schemas between Japanese and American participants?

    <p>Japanese participants have greater intergroup conflict skills, but Americans exhibit a steeper relationship with conflict experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reasoning moves from general premises to a specific instance, followed by a conclusion?

    <p>Deductive reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reasoning starts from specific observations to form a general rule and emerges during the concrete operations period?

    <p>Inductive reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the results of the study reveal about the relationship between conflict experience and intergroup conflict skills?

    <p>Americans experience more conflict and gain more intergroup conflict skills, while Japanese participants have greater interpersonal skills and remain flat across development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does scientific thinking involve?

    <p>Weighing evidence in favor of a hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the conclusion drawn from the study regarding the ways wisdom is learned and used?

    <p>The ways we learn about and use wisdom vary with culture and experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In solving the combination of chemicals problem, who is more systematic according to the text?

    <p>Adolescents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Japanese and American use of wise-reasoning schemas?

    <p>Interdependent social expectations prompt Japanese to use wise-reasoning skills earlier, while independent expectations prompt Americans to use wise-reasoning skills later</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the trained coders score transcripts of each response on?

    <p>Six aspects of wise reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does fluid intelligence drive?

    <p>Quick thinking and novel problem-solving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does crystallised intelligence stem from?

    <p>Learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between age and the use of wise-reasoning schemas among American participants?

    <p>Americans experience more conflicts and continue to learn about conflict resolution over the lifespan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are age changes in intelligence studied?

    <p>Through cross-sectional and longitudinal research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of wisdom according to the text?

    <p>Associated with better health and wellbeing, less loneliness in older age, and greater life satisfaction and resilience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does Piaget's Stage 1, involving the development of object permanence, occur?

    <p>Birth-2 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Giraffe Study by Baillargeon & DeVos (1991) reveal about object permanence?

    <p>3-month old's don't dishabituate, but 4-month old's do</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which period is characterized by the development of symbolic thought marked by irreversibility, centration, and egocentrism?

    <p>2-7 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age range for Piaget's Stage 4, the formal operational period?

    <p>11 years through adulthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the symbolic function substage characterized by?

    <p>Draw representations of things and use language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Meltzoff (2008) tasks assess in infants?

    <p>Infants' perceptual expectations about where the objects are when they are out of sight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do infants typically exhibit the ability to retrieve an object when its concealment is observed, according to the text?

    <p>4 to 8 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Piaget's Stage 2, the preoperational period, involve?

    <p>Development of symbolic thought marked by irreversibility, centration, and egocentrism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Piaget's Stage 3, the concrete operational period?

    <p>Mental operations applied to concrete events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Giraffe Study by Baillargeon & DeVos (1991) reveal about Piaget's proposed timeline for object permanence?

    <p>Tasks Piaget said would be exhibited at 8 to 12 months actually happened at 4 to 8 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of thought involves reasoning about more than two dimensions and abstract objects and events?

    <p>Formal operational thought</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reasoning starts from specific observations to form a general rule and emerges during the concrete operations period?

    <p>Inductive reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do infants typically pass classic Theory of Mind (ToM) tasks?

    <p>3.5-4 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of thinking allows logical operations with concrete objects and events, considering only two dimensions of a problem?

    <p>Concrete operational thought</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reasoning moves from general premises to a specific instance, followed by a conclusion?

    <p>Deductive reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does fluid intelligence drive?

    <p>Quick thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does crystallised intelligence stem from?

    <p>Learning and acquired skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Piaget's Stage 3, the concrete operational period?

    <p>Logical operations with concrete objects and events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of formal operational thought?

    <p>Future-oriented thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of thinking involves discovering explanations for a set of facts by weighing evidence in favor of a hypothesis?

    <p>Scientific thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age did the Giraffe Study by Baillargeon & DeVos reveal that infants exhibit what Piaget proposed would be exhibited at 8 to 12 months?

    <p>4 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age range for Piaget's Stage 1, the sensorimotor period, which involves the development of object permanence?

    <p>0-2 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age range for Piaget's Stage 3, the concrete operational period, which involves mental operations applied to concrete events and mastery of conservation?

    <p>7-11 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age range for Piaget's Stage 4, the formal operational period, which involves mental operations applied to abstract ideas and logical systematic thinking?

    <p>11 years through adulthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do infants typically exhibit the ability to retrieve an object when its concealment is observed, according to the text?

    <p>8-12 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do children typically enter Piaget's Stage 2, the preoperational period, marked by the development of symbolic thought and egocentrism?

    <p>3-5 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which substage of Piaget's sensorimotor period do children typically begin to draw representations of things and use language and pretend?

    <p>2-4 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Meltzoff (2008) tasks assess in infants, according to the text?

    <p>Infants' perceptual expectations about where objects are when out of sight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Piaget's Stage 3 and Stage 4 of cognitive development?

    <p>Mental operations applied to concrete events vs. abstract ideas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Giraffe Study by Baillargeon & DeVos reveal about object permanence according to the text?

    <p>3-month olds don't dishabituate, 4-month olds do</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of wisdom according to the text?

    <p>Being skilled in social decision making, emotional regulation, and prosocial behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the use of wise-reasoning schemas among Japanese and American participants?

    <p>Japanese participants gain wisdom about social conflict and its avoidance earlier, while American participants continue to learn about conflict resolution over the lifespan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age range for older adults in the context of the study?

    <p>60-75 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the trained coders score transcripts of each response on?

    <p>Six aspects of wise reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of wisdom according to the text?

    <p>Associated with better health and wellbeing, less loneliness in older age, and greater life satisfaction and resilience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is encapsulation in the context of expertise?

    <p>Information processing and fluid thinking become dedicated to specific knowledge systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cognitive domain in adulthood that tends to increase with age?

    <p>Wisdom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the conclusion drawn from the study regarding the ways wisdom is learned and used?

    <p>Neither way is ‘correct’, rather, the ways we learn about and use wisdom vary with culture and experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the results of the study reveal about the relationship between conflict experience and intergroup conflict skills?

    <p>Japanese have greater intergroup conflict skills than American participants, but Americans exhibited a steeper relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of mature adults in solving complex problems in their chosen fields?

    <p>Encapsulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Developmental and Cognitive Psychology Overview

    • Onishi & Baillargeon (2005) suggest infants have a developed theory of mind, despite not passing classic ToM tasks until 3.5-4 years.
    • Concrete operational thought allows logical operations with concrete objects and events, considering only two dimensions of a problem.
    • Formal operational thought includes abstract objects and events, future-oriented thinking, and reasoning about more than two dimensions, but is not universally demonstrated in adulthood.
    • Deductive reasoning moves from general premises to a specific instance, followed by a conclusion.
    • Inductive reasoning starts from specific observations to form a general rule and emerges during the concrete operations period.
    • Scientific thinking involves discovering explanations for a set of facts by weighing evidence in favor of a hypothesis.
    • Adolescents are more systematic in solving the combination of chemicals problem compared to young children's unsystematic approach.
    • Fluid intelligence drives quick thinking, novel problem-solving, and encoding short-term memories, being relatively independent of education and acculturation.
    • Crystallised intelligence stems from learning, reflected in tests of knowledge, language use, and acquired skills.
    • Age changes in intelligence are studied through cross-sectional and longitudinal research, exploring cognitive performance decline with age.
    • Training cognitive skills in the elderly tests the transferability of trained skills and their impact on age-related cognitive decline.
    • Training effects in the elderly were specific to the skills trained, with performance returning to original levels for those showing decline over the preceding years and improvement for those who were stable.

    Developmental and Cognitive Psychology Overview

    • Onishi & Baillargeon (2005) suggest infants have a developed theory of mind, despite not passing classic ToM tasks until 3.5-4 years.
    • Concrete operational thought allows logical operations with concrete objects and events, considering only two dimensions of a problem.
    • Formal operational thought includes abstract objects and events, future-oriented thinking, and reasoning about more than two dimensions, but is not universally demonstrated in adulthood.
    • Deductive reasoning moves from general premises to a specific instance, followed by a conclusion.
    • Inductive reasoning starts from specific observations to form a general rule and emerges during the concrete operations period.
    • Scientific thinking involves discovering explanations for a set of facts by weighing evidence in favor of a hypothesis.
    • Adolescents are more systematic in solving the combination of chemicals problem compared to young children's unsystematic approach.
    • Fluid intelligence drives quick thinking, novel problem-solving, and encoding short-term memories, being relatively independent of education and acculturation.
    • Crystallised intelligence stems from learning, reflected in tests of knowledge, language use, and acquired skills.
    • Age changes in intelligence are studied through cross-sectional and longitudinal research, exploring cognitive performance decline with age.
    • Training cognitive skills in the elderly tests the transferability of trained skills and their impact on age-related cognitive decline.
    • Training effects in the elderly were specific to the skills trained, with performance returning to original levels for those showing decline over the preceding years and improvement for those who were stable.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of developmental and cognitive psychology with this overview quiz. Explore topics such as theory of mind in infants, stages of cognitive development, reasoning processes, intelligence types, age-related cognitive changes, and the impact of cognitive training in the elderly.

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