Developmental Anatomy Chapter 1

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Questions and Answers

What does "teratogen" refer to?

Any exogenous agent that disrupts normal embryonic/fetal development

What is the name of the most basic kidney in embryonic fish and amphibians?

Pronephros

What is the name of the adult kidney in mammals?

Metanephros

Evolutionary changes usually involve radical changes in the fundamental principles of animal construction.

False Signup and view all the answers

Early vertebrate embryos of different species look very similar at early stages.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is a morphogen?

A substance that differentially specifies cell fate during embryogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What developmental pathway is crucial for brain, face, and limb development, and can be affected by teratogens?

Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathway Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical period in development?

A specific time when a particular organ is forming and therefore most vulnerable to teratogens. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three periods of gestation?

Pre-embryonic, embryonic, fetal Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between genetic and environmental malformations?

Genetic malformations are caused by abnormalities in the genome, while environmental malformations are caused by the interaction of external factors with the developing organism. Signup and view all the answers

All congenital defects are hereditary.

False Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is a major factor in determining the susceptibility of an embryo or fetus to a teratogen.

stage of development Signup and view all the answers

The study of developmental biology is exclusively focused on mammalian species.

False Signup and view all the answers

Model organisms are used to study specific developmental processes because they exhibit significant variations from other species.

False Signup and view all the answers

Why is the developmental biology of model organisms, such as mice, relevant to veterinary medicine?

Model organisms help to bridge the gap between basic research and clinical practice by providing insights into development that can be applied to a wide range of animals. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 1: Developmental Anatomy: An Overview

Key terms: Developmental Anatomy, Developmental Biology, Congenital, Genetic, Teratogen, Model organism, Knockout mouse, Critical periods
Learning objectives: Define key terms, explain how developmental anatomy enhances veterinary medicine practice, explain the relevance of model organisms, understand differences and similarities between congenital and genetic defects, and explain the importance of critical periods.
Historical context: Scientists and philosophers like Aristotle, Kant, Darwin, and Da Vinci have studied animal development.
Overview of Vertebrate Embryonic Structure: Vertebrate embryos share similar structure early, differentiating later. Evolution fine-tunes existing systems, adjusting proportions, not radically changing principles.
Embryonic development: Early vertebrate embryos look similar, but later develop unique features.
Developmental biology: The study of the molecular, cellular, and morphological processes that regulate animal development, used through model organisms—chick, mouse, fish, frog, invertebrates.
Embryos and evolutionary relationships: Embryos may contain temporary, non-adult structures reflecting evolutionary ties. Examples include a pronephros (basic kidney) which later develops into a mesonephros in fish and amphibians, before eventually giving way to the more complex metanephros in mammals.

Genetic versus Environmental Impacts on Development

Alterations in Signals and Genes: Genetic mutations and environmental influences affect development.
Congenital Malformations: Conditions present at birth, resulting from developmental disruptions. Severity varies from minimal to lethal.
Environmental Factors: 10% of malformations attributed to environmental factors; 20% from genetic/chromosomal factors. The remaining 70% are a complex interaction between both.
Genetic Malformations: abnormalities in the genome. Certain species have higher incidences of specific genetically transmitted traits.
Teratogens: Exogenous agents disrupting embryonic/fetal development. These can include chemicals, viruses, and even substances beneficial to the adult. Timing and stage of development when the embryo/fetus is exposed dramatically influence the effect.
Critical periods: Specific periods during development when particular organs are forming vulnerable to teratogens.

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Description

Explore the fundamentals of developmental anatomy in this quiz based on Chapter 1. Understand key concepts such as congenital defects, model organisms, and the evolution of vertebrate embryonic structures. Dive into the historical context and significance of critical periods in developmental biology.