Development Theories and Concepts

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Questions and Answers

According to the definition of development, what must be present for a society to experience development?

  • A decrease in pollution levels
  • A strong democratic government
  • A stable and growing standard of living (correct)
  • Increased access to education and healthcare

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'Globalization' as outlined in the text?

  • The dominance of Western culture and values over other cultures
  • The spread of democratic ideals and practices across the world
  • The increasing interdependence and interconnectedness among countries, regions and peoples due to the integration of trade, culture, finance, people and ideas in one global marketplace (correct)
  • The process of economic growth and development in developing countries

Which of the following is NOT a key feature of 'Justice' as described in the text?

  • Fair treatment based on an agreed and accepted set of laws
  • Universal application of laws
  • Equal access to resources for all citizens (correct)
  • The right to a fair trial

Which type of rights are primarily associated with the concept of 'Liberty'?

<p>Civil and political rights (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between 'Equality' and 'Positive Rights' as outlined in the text?

<p>Equality is a fundamental goal of positive rights, which aim to ensure equal opportunities and access to resources. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main argument of Neo-Marxism/Neo-Colonialism?

<p>Developed countries exploit developing countries by extracting their resources and making them dependent on them for trading exports. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between 'Development' and 'Globalization' as explained in the text?

<p>Development is a process that happens within countries, while globalization occurs between countries. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of 'Power' as defined in the text?

<p>The ability to guarantee equal outcomes for all actors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main argument of the neoliberal model of development?

<p>Free markets, with minimal government involvement, are the best path to development. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Washington Consensus?

<p>Advocacy for complete deregulation of the economy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can migration contribute to the development of a recipient country?

<p>By providing skilled and unskilled labor, boosting economic productivity and GDP. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential negative consequence of climate change on development?

<p>Enhanced investment opportunities in renewable energy sectors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main argument of Rostow's model of development?

<p>There is a universal and linear path to development that all countries should follow, mirroring the experience of industrialized nations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

One of the key arguments against the neoliberal model of development is that:

<p>It ignores the role of government in promoting social welfare and ensuring equity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main issue highlighted regarding women's development in the text?

<p>Women are often discriminated against, limiting their opportunities and potential. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does migration potentially inhibit development?

<p>By creating a drain of skilled and unskilled labor from the migrants' home countries, hindering their development. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a major environmental factor affecting development, as mentioned in the text?

<p>Climate change and its impacts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of development, what is the significance of the “drive to maturity” phase in Rostow's model?

<p>This phase involves diversifying the economy, increasing production, and improving living standards. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following BEST describes the relationship between climate change and sustainable development?

<p>Climate change poses a major threat to sustainable development goals and efforts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a traditional society, as defined by Rostow's model?

<p>A society that relies heavily on subsistence agriculture with limited technology. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key element of the Washington Consensus?

<p>Strong emphasis on social welfare programs and income redistribution. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between Rostow's model of development and the neoliberal model?

<p>Rostow's model emphasizes government intervention, while the neoliberal model advocates for minimal government intervention. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main challenge in the context of development today?

<p>Promoting economic growth without compromising environmental sustainability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided content, what is the main argument concerning the relationship between free trade, privatization, and development in developing countries?

<p>Free trade, privatization, and deregulation have created a system that benefits wealthy countries at the expense of developing countries. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central claim of feminist critical theory within International Relations (IR)?

<p>IR should be a more inclusive field, recognizing the importance of women's voices and experiences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key aspect of human development as described in the text?

<p>Focusing on economic growth as the primary indicator of progress. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main argument against using GDP per capita as the sole indicator of development?

<p>GDP per capita does not account for the distribution of wealth within a country. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a pillar of sustainable development?

<p>Military security. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs in the context of development?

<p>It highlights the importance of meeting basic needs before focusing on higher needs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key problem associated with development as measured by GDP per capita?

<p>It doesn't consider the impact of technology on economic growth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key concept behind the phrase "the personal is political" in feminist theory?

<p>Personal experiences and struggles are interconnected with broader political structures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, how does the concept of sustainable development relate to the idea of economic development?

<p>Sustainable development emphasizes economic growth while also considering environmental and social factors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the "process of human development" as explained in the content?

<p>Building and improving human capabilities through education and healthcare. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key argument about the impact of income disparities on development?

<p>Income disparities can hinder development by limiting access to resources for the poor. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main argument against the assumption that higher income states are always more developed?

<p>Development is a multi-dimensional concept that includes social and political factors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the core message of the statement “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”?

<p>Development should strive for sustainability by considering the long-term impacts on future generations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it considered imperative to tackle poverty and income inequality for the sake of development?

<p>Poverty and income inequality hinder the overall progress of society. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements BEST captures the key difference between 'development' and 'economic development' as defined in the text?

<p>Economic development is about increasing wealth, while development is about social progress. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key element of 'capabilities' within the context of human development?

<p>The potential to achieve one's goals and contribute to society. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can access to natural resources be detrimental to a country’s economic development?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) encourage economic growth in developing countries?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can access to capital, credit, and aid contribute to a country’s development?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some potential drawbacks of relying too heavily on foreign aid for development?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can a society’s values, cultures, and traditions promote economic development?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cultural factors can hinder economic development?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can gender equality promote development?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some potential drawbacks to a society's reliance on resource extraction for economic growth?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these factors are considered necessary for economic development? (Select all that apply)

<p>Access to capital, credit, and aid (A), Access to natural resources (B), Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) (C), Stable political institutions and effective governance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can a lack of access to capital and credit negatively impact a country's development?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the potential benefits of cultural diversity in a nation?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some potential consequences of a lack of transparency and accountability in government?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can a lack of an independent judiciary negatively impact economic development?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the challenges associated with promoting gender equality in developing countries?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can contribute to a country experiencing an economic recession? (Select all that apply)

<p>A sharp decline in the price of a country’s primary exports (A), A global economic downturn affecting demand for a country’s goods and services (B), Significant political instability or unrest (C), A natural disaster that severely disrupts economic activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key challenge to fostering sustainable development in developing countries?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential negative impact of globalization on local labor in underdeveloped countries?

<p>Exploitation of local labor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does wage competition affect workers in a globalized market?

<p>It puts pressure on wages, potentially lowering them. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the growing wealth gap in a globalized marketplace?

<p>Concentration of wealth within an elite. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is likely a consequence of regulation avoidance by corporations?

<p>Poor working conditions and exploitation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What language is becoming increasingly dominant due to globalization?

<p>English (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does inequality affect development according to the content?

<p>It harms growth if beyond a certain threshold. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT included in the concept of sustainable development?

<p>Cultural monopolization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does economic sustainability seek to reduce?

<p>Corruption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

One aspect of social sustainability is to:

<p>Empower women. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential drawback of economic growth in the context of environmental sustainability?

<p>Economic growth at the expense of environmental degradation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of state capitalism?

<p>Government oversight and control over production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes capabilities as proposed by Martha Nussbaum?

<p>Capabilities ensure opportunities and freedoms for individuals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of trade liberalization and export orientation in economic policy?

<p>To promote comparative advantages in goods (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key requirement for a knowledge economy to function effectively?

<p>An educated and trained workforce (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does tourism contribute to economic growth in host countries?

<p>It helps firm up infrastructure through foreign spending (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is essential for fostering entrepreneurship?

<p>Supportive governmental policies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a circular economy primarily differ from a typical industrial economy?

<p>It focuses on reusing materials and products. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In state capitalism models, what role do sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) typically play?

<p>They are government-owned investment funds for state income (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does education play in the context of sustainable development?

<p>Education enables responsible citizenship and informed decision-making. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of globalization?

<p>Increased job security in wealthy nations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which East Asian economies are notably recognized for their export-led growth?

<p>Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, and Singapore (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the impact of women's education on society?

<p>It leads to improved family status and more job opportunities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does entrepreneurship have on the economy?

<p>It creates job opportunities and spurs innovation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to capability theory, which of the following is NOT considered a basic capability?

<p>Ability to achieve financial wealth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT contribute to accelerating the knowledge economy?

<p>A purely industrial focus on goods production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way can healthcare access impact economic productivity?

<p>It enhances employee performance and productivity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about tourism is true?

<p>It contributes significantly to GDP but offers low-paying jobs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a fundamental goal of a circular economy?

<p>To minimize waste and maximize resource efficiency. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an expected outcome of export orientation in developing countries?

<p>Enhanced competition in global markets (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of national champion firms in a state capitalist system?

<p>Firms supported to achieve national economic goals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential disadvantage of globalization?

<p>Job losses in countries with higher living costs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical aspect of transforming a circular economy into a functional model?

<p>Ensuring all materials are reused and recycled. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable risk associated with state control over the economy?

<p>Stagnation due to lack of innovation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the relationship between education and healthcare?

<p>Education can lead to improved health outcomes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach emphasizes the importance of health, education, and political freedom in development policies?

<p>Capability theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a benefit associated with increased women's empowerment?

<p>Reduction in workforce participation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do think tanks and research centers play in a knowledge economy?

<p>They understand, create, and utilize knowledge effectively. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of globalization is often highlighted as improving societal conditions?

<p>Increased wealth and improved living standards. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a measurement used in the Happy Planet Index (HPI)?

<p>GDP per Capita (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Gini coefficient measure?

<p>The distribution of income across different income levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following indicators is used to measure the extent to which countries are able to provide a happy, long and suitable life for their citizens and inhabitants?

<p>Happy Planet Index (HPI) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) rank countries?

<p>By their perceived level of public sector corruption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major drawback of using GDP per capita as a measure of development?

<p>It does not account for the distribution of income. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key benefit of having a strong and independent judicial system in a country?

<p>It can help to ensure that the government is accountable to the people. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of development, how can peace and stability inhibit development?

<p>It can make it more difficult for countries to attract foreign investment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the Human Development Index (HDI) and the Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI)?

<p>The HDI considers a broader range of factors, including social and environmental factors, while the GPI focuses primarily on economic factors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential positive impact of high levels of government transparency?

<p>It can lead to an increase in tax revenue. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an example of a composite indicator of development?

<p>Human Development Index (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ONE reason why conflicts can lead to a decrease in government revenue?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between governance and development?

<p>Strong governance is essential for sustainable development. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is seen as a key foundation for development according to the text?

<p>Peace and stability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main argument made about the relationship between high levels of government transparency and development?

<p>Transparency leads to lower levels of corruption. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which indicator is mentioned as a measure of sustainable development?

<p>Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Development

A sustained increase in the standard of living in a society.

Globalization

The increasing interdependence among countries due to trade, culture, and ideas.

Inequality

A state of affairs where equality is not realized, affecting justice and liberty.

Sustainability

Actions to improve lives while ensuring future generations thrive.

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Justice

Fair treatment based on laws applied equally, allowing fair trials.

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Liberty

Freedom from excessive interference, enabling individuals to flourish.

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Equality

The idea that individuals are treated the same, with equal opportunities.

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Power

The ability of one actor to influence another on a global scale.

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Gini Coefficient

A measure of income inequality within a society.

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Human Development Index (HDI)

An index that measures three dimensions: health, education, and income.

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Life Expectancy

Average number of years a person is expected to live at birth.

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PPP GNI per capita

Purchasing power parity Gross National Income divided by population.

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Disparities in Development

Differences in development outcomes across various demographics.

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Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI)

A measure that includes social, environmental, and economic factors for quality of life.

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Happy Planet Index (HPI)

Measures sustainable well-being through life expectancy, well-being, and ecological footprint.

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Corruption Perception Index (CPI)

Ranks countries based on the perceived corruption of their public sectors.

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Conflict and Development

The relationship where peace promotes development and conflict inhibits it.

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Governance

Refers to the accountability, transparency, and legal frameworks in a state.

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Impact of Stability on Development

Peaceful environments attract investment and enable growth.

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Negative Effects of Conflict

Conflict destroys societal structures, harming development.

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Importance of Accountability

Ensures government officials are held responsible for their actions.

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Economic Growth and Development

Positive governance can lead to efficient allocation of resources for development.

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Social and Environmental Costs

Factors like pollution that diminish the quality of life.

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Free Trade

International trade without tariffs or restrictions, promoting economic growth.

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Neo-colonialism

Economic dominance by wealthier nations over developing countries.

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Feminist Critical Theory

Theory emphasizing gender's role in international relations and development.

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The personal is political

Signifies the connection between personal experiences and broader social issues.

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Types of Development

Includes economic, human, and sustainable development with varying definitions.

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Economic Development

The process to increase a nation's productivity and revenue, leading to better living standards.

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Human Development

Enhancement of people's freedoms and opportunities, leading to improved well-being.

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Sustainable Development

Meets present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet theirs.

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Capabilities Approach

Focuses on individuals' abilities to achieve valued functions and well-being.

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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A theory categorizing human needs from basic to self-actualization.

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Poverty Reduction

Efforts to lessen poverty and improve equitable wealth distribution.

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Income-based Measures

Economic metrics like GDP per capita used to assess development.

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Quality of Life

An individual's overall enjoyment of life and sense of well-being.

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Governance Impact

The influence of government structure and policies on societal development.

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Environmental Sustainability

Protecting the environment while promoting social and economic development.

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Gender Inequality

Discrimination against women in education, property, and employment.

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Migration

Movement across political boundaries, includes refugees and skilled labor.

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Positive Impact of Migration

Migration contributes to economic growth and remittances to home countries.

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Negative Impact of Migration

Loss of skilled labor and potential social unrest in host countries.

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Climate Change

Alters weather patterns, negatively impacting agriculture and resources.

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Rostow's Model

A linear theory of development with stages from agrarian to consumer society.

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Preconditions for Take-off

Societies starting to adopt banking and entrepreneurship.

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Drive to Maturity

Economy diversifies, producing a variety of goods with rising standards.

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Neoliberalism

Advocates minimal state intervention for economic growth through free markets.

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Washington Consensus

A moderate version of neoliberalism promoting free markets and good governance.

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Brain Drain

Loss of skilled workers from their home country to another.

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Economic Remittances

Funds sent back home by migrants to support families and communities.

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Impacts of Climate Change on Development

Causes disasters and hardships that hinder growth, especially in developing nations.

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Economic Growth Components

Skilled labor and foreign investment are crucial for productivity and GDP.

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Exploitation of local labor

Unfair treatment of workers in underdeveloped countries, often involving poor working conditions.

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Growing wealth gap

Increase in the disparity of wealth distribution, often favoring the elite in a globalized economy.

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Wage competition

The pressure on wages as workers compete with lower-paid labor in other countries.

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Price competition

Global competition leading to reduced prices, often benefiting large corporations over individuals.

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Regulation avoidance

Corporations manufacturing in countries with less strict labor and safety regulations.

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Cultural homogenization

The diminishing diversity of cultures due to dominant values and practices of globalization.

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Economic sustainability

Efforts to maintain economic health without compromising future resources.

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Social sustainability

Actions aimed at enhancing human well-being and social equity.

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Inequality and development

The relationship between unequal wealth distribution and its impact on societal growth.

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Knowledge Economy

An economy driven by knowledge-intensive production and services that accelerate technical and scientific advance.

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Requirements for Knowledge Economy

Educated workforce, sound infrastructure, conducive environment for knowledge dispersion, and research centers.

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Circular Economy

An economic system aimed at recycling materials and minimizing waste, contrasting with traditional linear economies.

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Impact of Education

Education enhances employment opportunities, income levels, and health, contributing to economic gains.

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Healthcare and Productivity

Good healthcare leads to efficient workers and enhances productivity and income potential.

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Role of Women in Economy

Empowering women through education and participation in the workforce accelerates economic and social growth.

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Globalization Benefits

Globalization increases economic growth, improves living standards, and fosters cultural development.

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Globalization Disadvantages

Globalization can lead to job losses in high-cost living countries due to outsourcing to cheaper labor markets.

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Educated Citizenry

An informed population making better decisions on political, economic, social, and cultural issues.

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Think Tanks

Research centers that create and utilize knowledge for innovation and solutions in the economy.

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Innovation and Research

Key processes in a knowledge economy, fostering creativity and technological advancements.

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Environmental Protection

Efforts and practices aimed at safeguarding the natural environment amid economic activities.

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Entrepreneurship

The process of creating and managing a new business, crucial for economic growth in a knowledge economy.

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Investment in ICT

Investment in information and communication technology to support knowledge sharing and innovation.

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Corruption

Erodes public trust and misallocates resources.

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Access to Resources

Availability of natural resources for economic growth.

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Rostow’s Model of Development

Framework that explains stages of economic growth.

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Economic Vulnerability

Risk of recession due to dependence on exports.

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Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

Investment from one country into a business in another.

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Benefits of FDI

Brings revenue and technology for development.

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Drawbacks of FDI

Profits may not benefit the host country.

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Capital

Wealth used to produce goods and services.

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Role of Aid

External assistance to support development.

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Negative Effects of Aid

Can lead to dependency and poor governance.

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Cultural Values

Beliefs and ethics shaping society's development.

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Impact of Gender Roles

Restrictions on women's rights can limit productivity.

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Tourism Revenue

Income generated from cultural attractions.

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Corruption and Transparency

Lack of transparency can facilitate corrupt practices.

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Trade Union Culture

Labor movements can suppress investment interest.

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State Capitalism

A political system with state control over production and capital usage for political advantages.

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Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs)

Government-owned investment funds that manage the state's assets for public purpose.

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Capability Theory

Focuses on enhancing individuals' capabilities for a good quality of life beyond GDP growth.

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Martha Nussbaum's Capabilities

Basic capabilities needed for a good life, such as health, education, and human connection.

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Trade Liberalization

Removal of trade barriers to foster economic development through increased exports.

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Export Orientation

Economic strategy focusing on producing goods for international markets where a country has a comparative advantage.

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East Asian Economic Growth

Rapid development of East Asian economies through export-led growth and liberalization.

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Tourism Impact

Travel contributes significantly to economic growth through foreign exchange and infrastructure improvements.

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Low-Paying Jobs in Tourism

Tourism often creates low-wage jobs, benefiting business owners more than workers.

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Conditions for Entrepreneurship

Factors like infrastructure, market potential, and government policies that support business ventures.

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National Champion Firms

Companies supported or owned by the state, promoting national interest and competitiveness.

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Subsidized Credit

Government financial assistance to support private companies and stimulate economic activity.

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Study Notes

Development Theories and Concepts

  • Development: A sustained increase in a society's standard of living.
  • Globalization: Increasing interdependence among countries, regions, and people through integrated trade, culture, finance, and ideas.
  • Inequality: A state where equal opportunities and fair treatment are not realized, potentially compromising justice and liberty, often manifested through unequal resource access.
  • Sustainability: Ensuring present actions to improve lives and the environment benefit future generations.
  • Justice: Fair treatment based on universally applied laws and a right to a fair trial, often through rule of law.
  • Liberty: Freedom from excessive government interference, allowing individuals to thrive and seize opportunities.
  • Equality: Treating people without discrimination, allowing equal opportunities, emphasizing economic, social, and cultural rights.
  • Power: Ability of one entity to influence another, exercised in various forms.
  • Human Rights: Indivisible rights inherent in all people, regardless of background.

Different Definitions of Development

  • Traditional view: Primarily focused on economic growth (GDP/GNP increase) and technological advancements.
  • Modern view: Recognizes the importance of social and political factors (human rights, democracy), a sustainable approach, and improved quality of life for all.
  • Human Development: Expanding freedoms, opportunities, and well-being to enable people to lead longer, healthier lives, gain knowledge, and enjoy a comfortable standard of living. Focuses on capabilities (prerequisites for valued lives).

Measuring Development

  • Income-based measures: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and GDP per capita, Gini coefficient. GDP per capita measures economic output per person, but ignores income distribution. The Gini coefficient measures income inequality.
  • Complex measures: Human Development Index (HDI), Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI), and Happy Planet Index (HPI) provide a broader view, incorporating health, education, and environmental factors.

Models of Development

  • Rostow's Model (Modernization theory): Argues that countries develop in stages, imitating industrialized nations. Stages include traditional societies, preconditions for take-off, take-off, drive to maturity, and high mass consumption.
  • Neoliberalism: Favors minimal government intervention, relying on free markets to drive development. Advocates for free enterprise, reduced public spending, and FDI.
  • Washington Consensus: A more moderate form of neoliberalism, emphasizing free markets, strong institutions, and good policies for effective market functioning and accountability.
  • State Capitalism: A system where the state controls production and capital, utilizing markets for political advantage.

Approaches to Developing the Economy

  • Trade liberalization and export orientation: Opening markets, focusing on comparative advantage exports to enhance productivity and global competition.
  • Tourism and entrepreneurship: Tourism as a revenue generator, entrepreneurship fostering job creation and innovation.
  • Knowledge economy: Leveraging knowledge and intellectual capabilities, with a focus on education, infrastructure, and innovation.
  • Circular economy: Aims to recycle materials and products, reducing environmental impact through reuse and repurposing instead of consumption.

Approaches to Developing Society

  • Improving education and healthcare: Education and healthcare are crucial for human capital development, leading to economic gains, better health, informed decision-making and sustainable growth.
  • Changing roles of women: Empowering women through equality in education, healthcare, and decision-making can accelerate economic and social progress, and environmental protection.
  • Globalization's impacts: Globalization can increase economic growth, improve living standards, and promote democracy, but can also lead to job losses, income inequality or cultural homogenization.

Inequality as a Development Factor

  • Negative impact: Inequality hinders growth, poverty reduction, and overall quality of life.
  • Contested viewpoints: While globalization may lead to overall improvement, disparities between rich and poor can persist. Addressing inequality remains a major development challenge.

Developing Sustainability and Addressing Challenges

  • Sustainable Development: Meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own.
  • Economic Sustainability: Fostering economic well-being by addressing corruption, investing in education and infrastructure and job creation.
  • Social Sustainability: Promoting a well-being through equal opportunities and empowerment of marginalized groups.
  • Environmental Sustainability: Protecting environmental resources and reducing exploitation and climate change impact through responsible energy use, sustainable infrastructure and better land use practices.

Additional Factors Influencing Development

  • Access to resources: Access to critical resources is essential for industrialization. However, reliance on resource exports can create vulnerabilities in a fluctuating global economy.
  • Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Attracting foreign investment can boost economic growth, but careful management is needed to prevent profit repatriation/exploitation.
  • Access to Capital: Capital (physical, natural, human) is crucial for development, and credit and aid play a critical role. However, dependence on aid can hinder initiative.
  • Governance: Accountability, transparency, and strong institutions are essential for effective development. Corruption can severely hinder progress.
  • Political factors: Peace and stability are fundamental for development. Conflict disrupts societies, undermines infrastructure and resources and fosters instability/corruption that impedes progress
  • Migration: While migration can contribute to development, skilled workers leaving a country may lead to a brain drain.
  • Environmental Factors: Climate change directly impacts development, disproportionately impacting vulnerable countries.

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