Podcast
Questions and Answers
Induction is the ______________
Induction is the ______________
cells
Neural crest cells are called also _____germ layer or ______ cells.
Neural crest cells are called also _____germ layer or ______ cells.
ectomesenchymal
If the neural crest cells fail to migrate , the ____________ occur .
If the neural crest cells fail to migrate , the ____________ occur .
tissue
During the ____ wiul, neural crest cells migrate from the overlying brain into the______ beneath the epithelium.
During the ____ wiul, neural crest cells migrate from the overlying brain into the______ beneath the epithelium.
The second, third and fourth branchial grooves become __________ to give _______
The second, third and fourth branchial grooves become __________ to give _______
The neural plate then invaginates along central axis to form the neural ______.
The neural plate then invaginates along central axis to form the neural ______.
The second arch cartilage also named _____ , and gives : 1____ , 2____
The second arch cartilage also named _____ , and gives : 1____ , 2____
The nerve supply of the fourth branchial is the _____
The nerve supply of the fourth branchial is the _____
Muscles of mastication is from ____ arch , and the muscles of facial expressions is from______ arch .
Muscles of mastication is from ____ arch , and the muscles of facial expressions is from______ arch .
At the ___ wiul , the 2 nasal placodes formed which are thickening of the surface ____ , on the _________
At the ___ wiul , the 2 nasal placodes formed which are thickening of the surface ____ , on the _________
At the end of _____ wiul , the mandibular proses gives rise to : 1_ , 2_ , 3_ .
At the end of _____ wiul , the mandibular proses gives rise to : 1_ , 2_ , 3_ .
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Study Notes
Development of the Early Face
- The face develops from 5 processes between the 5th to 8th week:
- Frontonasal process (prominence)
- Two maxillary processes (prominences)
- Two mandibular processes (prominences)
- The two medial nasal processes form:
- The center and tip of the nose (middle part of the nose)
- The inward growth gives the nasal septum
- The two lateral nasal processes form:
- The lateral sides of the nose
Pharyngeal Arches
- The 1st pharyngeal arch forms:
- Muscles of mastication
- Incus and malleus bone of the middle ear (through ossification of the dorsal end)
- The 2nd pharyngeal arch forms:
- Muscles of facial expression
Induction and Neural Crest Cells
- Induction is the organizing influence of cells or their products on adjacent cells or tissue
- Neural crest cells are also called the fourth germ layer or ectomesenchymal cells
Development of Endocrine Glands
- The 4th pharyngeal pouch forms:
- Ultimobranchial body and superior parathyroid
- The thymus gland:
- Is large at birth and contributes to the ultimobranchial body
- Fuses with the thyroid gland
- Produces T-lymphocytes and thymopoietin hormone
- Gradually atrophies and disappears later in life
- The parathyroid glands:
- Function and grow only until puberty
- Produce calcitonin hormone that regulates normal calcium levels in the body
General Embryology
- Development is the result of genetic plans programmed in chromosomes
- The neural plate is a thickening of ectoderm
- The neural plate invaginates along the central axis to form the neural groove
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